Impact Of Globalisation For Children And Families Education Essay

Impact Of Globalisation For Children And Families Education Essay What is globalisation. Globalisation is the process by which the world is becoming increasingly interconnected as a result of massively increased trade and cultural exchange. Globalisation has increased the production of goods and services†¦ Although globalisation is probably helping to create more wealth in developing countries it is not helping to close the gap between the worlds poorest countries and the worlds richest (BBC, 2012). As we can see from the definition of globalisation that it has created great impact on the world. Every child is different. Children vary from the way they brought up and the culture of their society and what they learn from their environment (Penn.H, 2004). Since environment, society and culture affects the children and family due to the differences in the world. We understand that globalisation impacts the world and the world indirectly impact the child through a chain of reaction (Bronfenbrenner, 1990). As you go along we will discuss on the pr ocess on how the children are being affected by globalisation by using the bronfenbrenners ecological theory and then moving on to what ways the globalisation can impact the child. From there we will look into the different kind of impact it has on the poor and the rich. Finally in our conclusion we will evaluate on how the children are being protected or given help to overcome the globalisation. Let me move from the outer layer of the ecological system to the inner layer which is where it is referred to the child. Macrosystem This is the outer most layer of the ecological system. In this system it involves the law, policies, values and customs (John.R, 2001). They are first area which been affected by the globalisation. The impact of globalisation causes the laew and policies to change and it will then have an influence on the values and customs of the people. This then interconnected and affects the next layer of the ecological system which is the exosystem. Exosystem- this system consists of Community, Society and culture (John.R, 2001). The impact of globalisation passes from macrosystem to exosystem by creating a change in the community. When law n polices changes it also brings in the change in the community. Peoples mind sets and the priority of the community changes according to how the polices and laws are being changed. This community changes are brought into home practices and even to the schools and lastly makes difference in the beliefs and culture of a family. Thats how the exosystem interconnects with mesosystem. Mesosystem this system consist of Family, School and Religon (John.R, 2001). The impact from the law connects to the community and slowly connects to the individual families of the community and as well as the schools of the community. When families are being affected by the globalisation through the chain effect it is then passed down to their children. When schools have any changes in their practices then its passed down also to the children. This impact moves to the closes layer to the child which is the microsystem. Microsystem This system consist the child himself (John.R, 2001). Now we have seen how the globalisation interconnects with one another and finally impacts the child indirectly. Through this we understand the process on how globalisation impacts the child but now we are going to see in what ways those globalisation impacts the child and the difference between the impact on the poor and the rich. We learnt that through globalisation culture and beliefs changes as well. The upbringing of a family from a low literacy family is different from the highly educated family. The poor might not understand the importance of education and childrens well being as much as the rich. Due to the rapid changing world the rich will proceed fast and their children will gain all the benefit of the changing world. Experiencing IT, and technology based school infrastructure. But the child from the poor will lose out from all the benefits due to the lack of awareness. The other reason for the impact is the finance. During globalisation, if there is a downfall it may cause high unemployment rate and it will make the community to have financial crises. When community has financial cr ises it means some member of certain families are unemployed and this would affect the ability to provide for the child, be it medical or education. This situation is mostly affected by the poor rather than the rich. It is because the rich would have a basic amount of money to sustain through the downfalls whereas the poor are solely depended on the monthly income to run their family. During globalisation when the economy is picking up it is also going to pick a toll on the poor because when economy is high the living expense gets increased. It is commented in BBC that globalisation brings in a wide gap between the poor and the rich (BBC, 2008). Therefore from here we can see that the children from the poor families are being mostly affected then the rich children. Poor families are enable to give the children the full benefits and meet the basic needs of the children like education, healthcare and even safety. The environment and the community of the poor families have great influe nce in the children. Children might get hurt from fights in the neighbourhood or even get into bad company and go into illegal activity. Whereas the community of the rich are educated and the environment is safe for the children compared to the poor. Through this it is able to see that children from the poor need help from globalisation. Many Schemes from different countries are working to help all children to gain the benefits of education, health and safety. Schemes like Triple P from Australia, Head start from USA and Sure Start from England are working towards the aim to provide the best for the children. Some schemes brought in by Singapore government to help the children to get what they deserve are subsides from Ministry of Community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS). Every child born in Singapore gets baby bonus to support their medical and education (MCYS, 2012). There are also different racial communities to concentrate on their racial group people and help the needy in any assistance they need. Schools come out with newsletters and parenting seminars to educate the parents on the importance childhood education and parenting skills. These schemes may be of great help for children and families to overcome the impact o f globalisation. In this assignment we have discussed on how the globalisation impacts children with the help of bronfernburrners ecological theory. We were able to see the interconnection of the world to the child. From there we broke down to the different ways globalisation can impact a child and its family and how it affects the poor and the rich. We also covered on how different nations have brought in schemes to help the families to provide the best for children. We took Singapore and listed the various ways it helped in providing the best for the child and its family. With this we evaluated that there is great impact on children due to globalisation. Referencing Penn, H, 2004. The Globalisation of Early childhood Education and Care. An Introduction to Early Childhood Studies , 2 edition, 47- 59 Government of Singapore. 2012. Ministry od community Development, Youth and Sports (MCYS). [ONLINE] Available at: http://app1.mcys.gov.sg/. [Accessed 25 October 12]. Bronfenbrenner, U. 1990. Discovering what families do. In Rebuilding the Nest: A New Commitment to the American Family . [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.montana.edu/www4h/process.html. [Accessed 25 October 12]. Ryan, J, 2001. Bronfenbrenners Ecological Systems Theory. [ONLINE] Available at: http://people.usd.edu/~mremund/bronfa.pdf. [Accessed 25 October 12]. GCSE Bitesize. 2012. BBC. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/globalisation/globalisation_rev1.shtml. [Accessed 25 October 12].

Cultural Shift through the Eyes of Ginsberg and Kerouac :: Allen Ginsberg

Cultural Shift through the Eyes of Ginsberg and Kerouac    Brothers of the San Francisco Beat scene, Jack Kerouac and Allen Ginsberg lived in the midst of a consumer cultural revolution, patriots of a forgotten mindset. While the regional characters of the nation were quickly being homogenized by television, Kerouac and Ginsberg wrote poetry and prose that both captured and contemplated the moment. They were contemporaries, sharing the same circle of friends and drawing from the same influences but produced works seeking divergent means to the same conceptual end. Kerouac wrote with an enlightened nostalgia, fascinated with preserving a form of the pioneer spirit of individuals and tall tales in the midst of cultural change, while Ginsberg's poetry directly criticized the shortcomings and decay of society; neither author completing the picture or the message, leaving something for the other. American culture of the mid nineteen fifties and early sixties is described with disgust and rejection in both Kerouac's and Ginsberg's works. They bore witness to and documented a rich, variant culture homogenized and sterilized by Dial television ads and The Saturday Evening Post. Beat calls to rebellion and cancerous grey images show America on the decline and readying for revolution. In Kerouac's novel The Dharma Bums, Japhy's ideal revolutionary rejects the new developments of American culture, " refusing to subscribe to the general demand that they consume production, and therefore have to work for the privilege of consuming, all that crap they didn't really want anyway such as refrigerators, TV sets, cars, at least new fancy cars, certain hair oils and deodorants and general junk you finally always see a week later in the garage anyway, all of them imprisoned in a system of work, produce, consume..."(97). Their America was a land of mass-marketed uselessness. At a time when st ores across the nation carried identical products, and everybody saw the same three channels of television, the sparkle of regional character started to evaporate. Kerouac paints his Dharma Bums as the heirs of Whitman, poetic thoughtful wanderers. Ginsberg also used Whitman to link the past to the present in the poem "A Supermarket in California", asking the bard "Will we walk all night through solitary streets? The trees add shade to shade, lights out in the houses, we'll both be lonely. / Will we stroll dreaming of the lost America of love past blue automobiles in driveways, home to our silent cottage?

Cultural Awareness in Counselling Practices Essay

I have chosen to focus this assignment on the Aboriginal and Vietnamese cultures. I hope to be working in an area which will have these two cultures as the dominant groups. The reason I have focussed on Vietnamese refugees instead of the culture of Vietnam as a whole is that the facility I hope to work in has refugees as its main client group. I will give an overview of my research into how best to work in a counselling relationship with people from Aboriginal and Vietnamese cultures, ensuring that I am as culturally sensitive and aware as possible. Aboriginal culture and counselling: Most research indicates that cultural barriers are the major reason why Aboriginal people are discouraged or dissuaded from using the mental health service. As practitioners, counsellors have often failed to identify, acknowledge and recognise the central role of Indigenous culture. Historically, there has been a long period of mistrust among the Aboriginal people and white Australians. Federal governments for much of the twentieth century developed paternalistic policies and practices that regarded the removal of children from Aboriginal families as essential for their welfare. Continuing statutory responsibilities for the protection of children have made many Aboriginal women fear approaching the Department of Family and Community Services for assistance, especially in domestic violence and child abuse issues. It is a fact that Aboriginal people have and continue to experience being discriminated against by white Australians. A large socio-economic gap exists between white Australians and Aboriginal people. Despite there having been recorded experiences of both Aboriginal counsellors and non-Aboriginal counsellors attempting to keep Aboriginal clients engaged in the mental health service, it is evident that some Aboriginal clients may only turn up for one or two sessions but drop out of the system. The possible factors behind their lack of motivation to keep engaging in counselling service may lie in the means of assistance they are looking for. The problems of engaging Aboriginal clients in mental health services exist mainly because mainstream services have not provided relevant responses to their crisis situation. Aboriginal clients would first seek practical assistance such as refugee accommodation and food, and they would also seek assistance from their families, extended families or their own communities. Aboriginal people have retained strong kinship ties and extended family commitments. As in traditional times, Aboriginal people feel a great obligation to their kinship ties. The extended family will always be first in helping if there is a crisis or even a slight problem. Only when they cannot get enough or suitable help from their extended family or their own community, will they turn to outside help or support. There are particular issues to be aware of when working in a counselling role with Aboriginal clients. For example, it is not suitable to refer to a dead person by name and Aboriginal people view hallucination or delusion as spiritual experience not necessarily as symptoms of mental illness. Eye contact is considered offensive to Aboriginal people. Making eye contact (particularly with some one of the opposite sex) is shaming. Gender rules within Aboriginal cultures are important and must be respected whenever possible regarding intervention. Ideally, women staff should work with women and male staff should work with men. Women may feel embarrassed talking to male staff and men may feel shame if helped by female staff. In building a trust with Aboriginal people, most Aboriginal people would prefer to work with an Aboriginal worker regarding their problems. However situations may arise where clients may know or be related to an Aboriginal worker. They may feel shame or be restricted through kinship rules in discussing personal problems with them. Fear that the worker will breach confidentiality with the local community may be another concern. Where possible, clients should be given the choice of both Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal workers. Aboriginal clients will usually take the initiative in seeking assistance when a crisis emerges, such as domestic violence or services being disconnected, or having no money to buy food and other essentials for their children. Aboriginal people would first consider practical forms of assistance, such crisis care, financial assistance, medical services, accommodation, food when a domestic problem arises. This sort of assistance is what they really need and want, not just â€Å"talk therapy†. Before they can sort out their basic living problems, they may not have the capacity or attention to deal with other psychological issues. Once Aboriginal clients have settled down and can take a calmer approach to their predicament, it still does not guarantee they will stay with the mental health service. It is not uncommon that once they have solved a problem, they will feel it not necessary to remain a part of the service but may come back a few months later for help when another issue arises. If mental health service workers, for example, have patiently developed a good relationship or rapport with them, counsellors can take advantage of this by reminding their clients of the good they can do when relationships or domestic situations are at risk. The ability of counsellors to invite clients to talk about their problems may make it possible to explore other problems. Aboriginal clients’ particular issues or crises may be linked to other problems, such as child abuse, alcoholism, mental health, unemployment and parenting problems. It is crucial for counsellors to build a trusting relationship with the Aboriginal community. A relationship that is simply based on â€Å"talk therapy† will not work for Aboriginal clients. Counsellors need to know where to get practical assistance for Aboriginal clients. Otherwise, Aboriginal clients may only turn to those services that they feel can really assist them. A counselling service that provides support and practical assistance can become a meaningful referral point within the Aboriginal community. Vietnamese refugees and counselling: My research found that there are three recommended points of entry for developing trust and rapport with Vietnamese refugees. These are: Self- presentation of the Counsellor; Approaching the problem and Working through an Issue. Self Presentation of the Counsellor: The style and presentation of the counsellor could be described as ‘being a friend’ to the traumatised client. ‘Being a friend’ does not at all mean shedding the professional counselling role with boundaries and ethics, but rather means that counsellors dealing with these clients should be caring, sharing and acting as a true friend would normally be. Communicating caring to Vietnamese clients is being friendly, warm, interested in family, attentive to concerns raised, being an empathic listener, trying to understand and respond to non-verbal communications, and being ready to assist with practical matters. Presenting ‘as a friend’ also means that counsellors may initially have to share, or disclose, a little more about themselves than usual. This is often necessary to put Vietnamese clients at ease and win their trust. Another dimension of being a ‘friendly’ counsellor is being a ‘friend in need’. Many counsellors of Indochinese refugee clients have found it vital to assume multiple helping roles and to be actively involved in providing them with practical assistance or concrete services that provide immediate results, before engaging them in dealing with past trauma or in making important self-disclosures. Approaching a problem: The success of establishing trust and rapport with Vietnamese clients is not only dependent upon the way that counsellors present themselves as described above, but also upon the way they approach a problem. Within Vietnamese culture there are distinct ways of dealing with problems. Prominent features of the Vietnamese style include indirect expression of feelings, reluctance to confront conflictual situations, preference for allowing time to work out seemingly insoluble problems, and reliance on personal inner strength in facing difficulties. Given the quite different ways of dealing with problems in Vietnamese culture, we would like to suggest that non-Vietnamese counsellors have to move slowly and gently and approach with the right timing. Following a respectful, slow pace suitable to the client is important, especially during the rapport building stage, to avoid jarring or offending the client. The timing of approaching the problem is important for maintaining the relationship and for resolving the problem. If the counsellor takes the initiative to bring up an issue, it is important to do this gently, keeping in mind the cultural norm of ‘saving face’ and the risk of confrontation. Working through an Issue: As issues begin to be worked through, there are three suggested ways of continuing to build rapport and trust with Vietnamese clients: working with somatisation, working from here and now and working through the family. A great number of Vietnamese refugees express their experience of emotional distress under the guise of physical symptoms such as headache, fatigue, insomnia. As somatisation is a culturally acceptable way of presenting mental problems, counsellors can work with these problems first, before moving onto deeper levels. Most Vietnamese refugees are concerned with day-to-day survival. Offering them practical assistance is seen as offering much needed help and assisting to set up a trusting relationship and also an external environment in which emotional issues can be more safely worked through. For Vietnamese, the family plays an important role, in a resettlement country as well as in their country of origin. It appears to be present and influential in many issues, which the Vietnamese client discusses in the session. The family can support or sabotage the relationship between the therapist and the patient. Therefore, in post-trauma counselling with Vietnamese clients, dealing with the family dimension is crucial for the building of trust and understanding and for the success of the intervention. As in all counselling interventions, it is essential to build trust between Vietnamese-born clients and their counsellors. Points of entry rather than barriers have been referred to in the three aspects of counselling refugees. Credibility and giving are seen as being crucial in this process. Counselling can be of great benefit to helping Vietnamese refugees on the road to recovery from trauma. Vietnamese refugees have a great need for company, because they have suffered multiple losses, including faith in the goodness of humanity. Through a counsellor establishing a trusting relationship with them, they could regain this faith, so as to enable them to live the life that they have made huge sacrifices for. Prior to undertaking this assignment I had felt that my cultural awareness of both the Aboriginal and Vietnamese communities was very high. I have travelled extensively in Vietnam and had the opportunity to teach English there. My research into trauma and Vietnamese refugee status in Australia has certainly changed a lot of my views. I could almost say that with my basic Vietnamese language and extensive travels I had been feeling almost complacency about dealing with Vietnamese clients. I have learned that there are many parallels between the Aboriginal and Vietnamese refugee cultures. Both are in trauma; both need to have their immediate needs met before effective counselling can take place. My research into Maslow’s hierarchy of Needs has certainly given the actual practice of counselling clients in trauma an effective framework to work within. As does Erikson’s Stages of Development. Traumatised clients will have interrupted stages of development. These will need to be addressed after the initial and immediate needs are met. I had also felt that I had a particularly good understanding of the Aboriginal culture, having worked in Indigenous education. My research for this assignment highlighted that there are many gaps to my understanding. I had not taken into account that many Aboriginal people are actually in severe crisis when they do seek help. Similar to the Vietnamese people in trauma, they would first try to find support within their kin, tribe or immediate family. When a breakdown of this occurs, outside help is sought but this is fraught with fear, shame and often misunderstanding. This has been a vital assignment for me to undertake and I will continue to seek current research and counselling developments in the areas of Aboriginal mental health and refugee trauma counselling. References Armstrong, T. (2002). Counselling Interventions and Indigenous mental health. Medicine Australia,http://www.medicineau.net.au/clinical/abhealth/abhealt1345.html. Blagg, H. (2000). Crisis Intervention in Aboriginal Family Violence, Summary report. Crime Research Centre, University of Western Australia. Chambers, A. (1990). Responding to Domestic Violence: Spouse Abuse. Guidelines to Practice. Department for Community Services, Western Australia, September 1990. Nguyen & Robin Bowles authors, published in the Journal of Australian Social Work, June 1998.

I’M Afraid of Getting Older

â€Å"I’m Afraid of Getting Older! † Are you afraid of getting older? Are you ready enough to face aging? Most of us think that â€Å"getting older† means having wrinkles, turning of hair color from black to white, receding hairline, visual blurring and a lot more horrifying physical changes in our body. We live in a world that is obsessed with looking young and beautiful. Faced with loss of youth, many of us feel profound fear, loneliness, and regret—which leads to the depressing idea that the best years of our lives are behind us. But, is getting older a truly scary dream visualized by most of the youth nowadays? Actually, getting older is not as frightening as it seems. We should come to understand that getting old and †¦ yes, even dying is all part of life. Nothing stops the march of time. We can't stop it, we can only accept it and be gracious about it. That is what we need to choose, accepting the fact that no one can stay young in his/her lifetime. Life is for living, giving and experiencing – We got to do all and as much to appreciate it. And who says that all of the elders (about the age of 60 and above) are sickly and worthless? There are tons and tons and tons of really healthy, financially stable, elderly people nowadays . It’s just all about the choices you make while you are still young. If you live an incredibly healthy life, make wise decisions with your finances and live life to its fullest while you're young, then its highly likely you'll do just fine in your later years. There are endless things for us to enjoy as we get older. One of this is the pleasure of being a grandparent. No grandparent can ever explain how happy and lucky it is to be one! Just keep in mind that human being is a reflection of The Triune God. We are made in His image in this way. The physical is the least important, so it is at the bottom. Next comes the soul (emotions, will, and mind). At the top is our spiritual. And yet it seems most of the time people are trying to improve the body and the mind! So for the people out there who are worried of aging, just keep in mind that the more you think of getting older, the sooner it gets! 🙂

Musa

Satisfied with the public transport regarding safety, cleanliness, frequency, Station service and Mike. And vast majority of students agreed that Melbourne public transport system work effectively; however, all the students in the survey are international and they believe they must get a travel concession card. Table of contents 1 Introduction 1 Background 2 Scope 3 Aim 4 Hypothesis 2 Methodology 3 Result 4 Conclusion 5 Recommendation 6 Bibliography 7 Appendix 05 10 Australia public transport fare is increasing every year, and for many years were the most expensive overall.Melbourne fares are the most expensive in Australia. Public transport cost is much higher than petrol in the car. Based on primary and secondary research, this report will analyze whether MIT students are satisfied with public transport or not . The aspects are 1 . Money, 2. Usage, 3. Satisfaction 1. 1 Background It has been said that Melbourne public transport service levels are unattractive to those with the opti on of car travel, and as a result public transport is neither convenient nor cheap.What it needs is a planning overhaul and competitive fares. This idea also support by survey â€Å"Melbourne fares are comparatively cheap â€Å". However on the other side, the statistics tell different story about the cost of the public transport. Recent figures from a Federal Government report suggested that the Variable cost' to households of commuting by car is $63 per week in the inner city and $82 per week in the outer suburbs, while the cost of commuting by public transport is Just $36 and $41 per week respectively. Melbourne fares are comparatively cheap† Another survey (Department of Infrastructure and transport, 2013) has shown that Australian use passenger vehicle vastly more than public transport. This survey also shows that , males use more public transport than female o get work or study,but older men prefer public transport and older women prefer passenger vehicle according to survey. In term of satisfaction, Australian satisfied with tram, bus and train. According (Public Transport performance, 2012) that overall satisfaction is increased recent year.It also provided that Australian satisfied bus more than tram and train. When it comes to frequency again bus performed vast more than tram and train. Bus and tram both performed same amount of service, train service is performed 98 percent but it is 1 percent less than bus and tram. Bus performed more in all the section of satisfaction performance. . 2 Scope : This report is limited to three aspects of the broader question â€Å"Are MIT students use public transport? † The aspects are 1 . Money, 2. Usage, 3. Satisfaction.Furthermore, the sample of the research is only 51 subjects. This is due to constraints of MIT students. 1. 3 Tit-n The aim of this report is to find out whether MIT students prefer public transport or not if yes then how often they use and how much they pay. This also depends on the ir satisfaction toward public transport. 1. 4 Hypothesis : This report assumes that MIT students spend more money than the rest of the Australian on public transport. In terms of Public transport use, it is believed that MIT student use more public transport compares to Australian.When it comes to satisfaction both MIT student and Australian are satisfied with public transport. 2 Methodology: This research project was carried out was through a survey. This survey consists of 17 questions and the sample size is 51 who are students from MIT. The nationalities are: Pakistan , India, Vietnamese, China, Nepal. In total there were 39 Male and 12 Female. 3 Results: fig 1 Usage By Gender fig 2 MIT Students prefer Public Transport significantly more than Private, is nine times ore popular than private. So the given pie chart shows that student use more public transport .And the most interesting figure 2 in Bar chart is Female use less public transport than Male. Male use 92% and female use l esser than it is 83%. So female more prefer her own transport. The bar chart shows about the experience of public transport regarding to cost . More MIT Student are reasonably to very satisfy with the cost. While the other major proportion is good, mostly MIT student are satisfied with the cost of the public transport . An the other hand, only 15% student doesn't satisfied with cost. This is the most popular question in our survey .The vast majority 74% MIT student want 50 percent concession on their mike . 8% students demand 40% concession on their tickets. And half of that want 30% concession. Interestingly, not a single student demand concession less than 20%. Melbourne Public Transport Work Effectively Bar chart shows that vast majority of MIT students are agree that public transport in Melbourne work effectively. 76% of the Male student happy with the public transport as same as female students, while one third female are disagree with this statement and half of that male stude nts are also have same opinion.The vast majority of students think that Public transport is cheap to get to MIT. Graph shows that 80% students prefer public transport on car ;however, one fourth of the students prefer car . 4 Conclusion: The aim of this report is to find out whether MIT students prefer public transport or not if yes then how often they use and how much they pay. This also depends on their satisfaction toward public transport. The original hypothesis of this report shows that MIT students spend more money than the rest of the Australian on public transport, which is similar to the result of the secondary research.The reason is that secondary research shows that Australian cost of commuting by public transport is not much higher. The Hypothesis stated that MIT students spend more than Australian and this is what result shows because of more usage of public transport. This Research looked at in terms of Public transport use, it is believed that MIT student use more pub lic transport compares to Australian, which is similar to the findings of secondary research. The Reason is that mostly MIT students have international students and they did not have other option than public transport.Also remarry research static shows that MIT student more public transport as compared to Private. Finally, When it comes to satisfaction both MIT student and Australian are satisfied with public transport, which is similar to the result of secondary research. Because Majority of MIT students are Satisfied with the public transport regarding safety, cleanliness, frequency, Station service and Mike. And vast majority of students agreed that Melbourne public transport system work effectively. 5 Recommendation: It is highly recommended that to the Government must give concession card to the international students .Also frequency of the public transport should be increased. One of the common recommendation from the students to give free internet in the public transport. So, figures make clear for us that public transport is cost saving but fares are only part of the public transport choice equation. Just as important – indeed, probably more important – are ‘convenience' factors such as short waiting times, decent travel speeds, reliable and plentiful service, cleanliness, and friendly staff. One needs a good quality of service as well as competitive pricing. 6 Bibliography: Australian Social Trends. (2013).

Library catalog Essay

Today, libraries are intensified and triggered by many advances and rapid inventions of science and technology that are greatly affecting the library operations as a whole. The non-stop discoveries of this new technology, particularly computers, redefined the role of libraries. A library is a collection of information, sources, resources, books, and services, and the structure in which it is housed. It is organized for use and maintained by a public body, an institution, or a private individual. In a more traditional sense, a library is a collection of books (â€Å"Library†, 2009). The library, more than any instrument of the society, is open to public use and the knowledge embodied in books are the foundation of a society to attain or develop more the potentialities of man which in return, will be a great factor in the progress of a nation. The library has the responsibility to upgrade its status through open access to these advances, to develop a plan of action in order to contribute and to become an effective partner especially in instruction, research and extension programs of an educational institute (Enem, 2002). From the statements above it is proven that the library has a big role not only to the students but also to the society and our country. Through the help of modern technology and information system, the library circulation system can improve. Library circulation or library lending comprises the activities around the lending of library books and other material to users of a lending library. A circulation or lending department is one of the key departments of a library (â€Å"LC†, 2009). Library circulation provides lending services and facilities for return of loaned items. Renewal of materials and payment of fines are also handled at the circulation desk. Circulation staff may provide basic search and reference services, though more in-depth questions are usually referred to reference librarians at the library reference desk. The circulation desk is in most cases staffed by library aides instead of professional librarians. The functions of the circulation desk staff may include the lending materials to library users, checking in materials returned, monitoring materials for damage and routing them to the appropriate staff for repair or replacement, troubleshooting circulation technology, i.e. library circulation software, scanners, printers, etc. , and collecting statistics on library use, i. e. patron transactions, material checkouts, etc. The two categories of Information System (IS) are the manual or traditional system and automatic or also known as Computer-Based Information System (CBIS). Before the use of CBIS, all the data are processed manually in a traditional system, where all the information are written and stored in different files. Sometimes, this process is called non-computerized system. Non-computerized is not efficient because it consumes a lot of time to find and update the information. To eliminate this problem, a new system was created which is known as computerized system or CBIS. Computer-Based Information Systems (CBIS) is composed of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures that are configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information (Abraham, 2009). The library of University of the Philippines Diliman was established in 1922 has grappled with four basic concerns: the book fund, staff development, library services and information technology. And in 1999 the university had opened an online public access catalog and launched the university library web. Another school that has a library system running in web based is the De La Salle-College of Saint Benilde in 1999. Each year, the school library acquires new resources and upgrades equipment for the use of students. As of august 2009, the library has a collection of over 122,000 book titles and more than 45,000 titles of electronic books. Using CBIS nowadays as a tool for development not only uplifts a company’s reputation, but also help fix things to the best. And also by using the intranet as a platform of the system can be a great help for improving the services of the library. An intranet is a private computer network that uses Internet technologies to securely share any part of an organization’s information or operational systems with its employees. Sometimes the term refers only to the organization’s internal website, but often it is a more extensive part of the organization’s computer infrastructure and private websites are an important component and focal point of internal communication and collaboration (King, 2002). Mr. A. T. Valdes, the librarian of NPCMSTI said that the library is an instrument that is used to provide data and information needed by the student in his study by collecting books that are important in their subjects as references. He added that from the books collected and selected, they are maintained in  order to be available to the students when the need it (personal communication, April 6, 2002). In addition, there are problems encountered in the manual or traditional library system of NPCMSTI based from the study conducted by the students of NPCMSTI. These include more effort and slow inventory of books, inefficient searching of books, inefficient generation of reports, and inefficient monitoring of books. The library has more than 4000 number of books and monitoring all these books require a lot of time and effort (Carreon, Delmendo, Maala, Mendoza & Penequito, 2008). Considering the advantages brought by CBIS and the problems encountered in the existing library system of NPCMSTI, the researcher decided to propose a computerized library system for NPCMSTI. Company Background The vision of the NPCMSTI library is to be a functional media center for meritorious resources especially in Nautical Science or Marine Transportation, Marine Engineering, Computer Science, Criminology, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, and Technical Vocational courses towards an excellent training development of professionals, diligent seafarers and skilled workers in the community. Its mission is to seek endeavor to provide quality service and to support the school’s educational programs, planning, research and extension services and instructional needs of the academic through stipulating bits of information comprehensively in any structure, in any part of the country, and of the whole world. Quality Objectives. The school library has the following objectives: (1) to strengthen and upgrade the library resources; (2) to upgrade library facilities and equipment;(3) to train personnel to enhance their technical skills and competitiveness; and (4) to link and network with local, national and international institutions. The library has a total of 11,832 book collections from the Degree courses to Non-Degree courses. The primary function of a library system are to facilitate the loan of books to borrowers, record receipt of returned books, and keep track of the status of books that should be returned. Reference Services. The obligation of the library is to render full assistance to readers in using the library and its contents. The librarian handles library resources such as dictionaries, encyclopedias, almanacs, biographies, atlases, and gazetteers. Orientation. The librarian’s unique responsibility is to utilize fully his resources in making as nearly certain as possible that the best materials for the particular purpose find their way to the readers. Also, the librarian serves as the mediator between man and the graphic records that he and his previous generations have produced and that the goal of the library is to maximize the social utility of graphic records for the benefit of the society. Library Hours. The library is open with its continuous hour service, from Monday to Friday which starts from 7:30 in the morning until 5:00 in the afternoon. Responsibilities of the Library Staff. The Northern Philippines College for Maritime, Science and Technology Library is manned by a Librarian, Assistant Librarian, and Library assistants. The Librarian shall administer the library, direct the activities of the staff, keep financial records of the library, keep records of the replacement of books, in charge of collecting and monitoring late fees, select and purchase books, library materials and supplies, stimulate growth of library services, attend library meetings or seminars, undertake indexing, classification and cataloging books and non-book materials and maintain relations to publishers and distributors. The Assistant Librarian shall take charge in absence of the librarian, help the librarian in indexing, classifying and cataloging of books and responsible for materials like clippings, periodicals and other documents, take charge in clipping and binding press and reviews, undertake the processing of books and non-book materials from putting accession number and stamping ownership mark to shelving. The Library Assistant shall issue and retrieve books at the circulation section, do the shelving and shelf reading of books retrieved, Paste torn pages of books and periodicals, undertake filing of clippings in the vertical file, type book cards, paste pockets and date due slips in books, cover books with plastic cover, stamp on books and periodicals, and file cards in the card catalogue. Cataloging and Classification. In the cataloging and classification of the book collections, the Anglo-American Cataloging Rules is adopted and the method used to describe an item that the library acquired. Also, the Dewey Decimal Classification System, the Sears List of Subject Heading and the Cutter Number of Tables are used in the NPCMSTI library. Borrowers. The student registered in the college, faculty members, staff, administrators, alumni of the college, and scholars or researchers from other institutions or organizations with endorsement letter from their librarians can use the services of the library. Importance of the Study This study is important to the following entities: To the Community. Through the help of this study it shall uplift the community’s education of the Filipinos by improving the services of the library. To the NPCMSTI. The output of the study shall be a great aid to the people using the library in the school. By improving and implementing the computerized system, books are monitored and also the quality of service that the school renders shall be uplifted and it also helps meet the vision and mission of the school. To the Staff-in Charge. The output of the study shall help easy recording and accessing of books records. By this study, librarians can monitor the status of the book at the library if it is available or borrowed. They can easily generate book reports such as available books, borrowed books, and inventory of the books by category. From this they shall save time and effort, and they can do more output in simple way. To the Faculty. The study would be beneficial to them for faster searching of the book information. By using the computerized system, the instructor can determine the book information in which they can use as their references in their subjects that they are teaching. They can also determine the book status whether it is available or borrowed by using the search feature of the system. From this they can save more time and effort. To the Students. The study would be beneficial to them in which searching of the book information would be faster. By using the computerized system, the student can determine the book information and also the book status if it is available or borrowed by using the search feature of the system or if they know the title of the book they want to borrow, they can easily determine if that book is available at the library, from this study they can save more time and effort. To other Researchers. This shall be a reference in conducting studies related to computer on wider prospective and may also serve as a basis for further study related to computer program. To the Researcher. Through this, the researcher shall be able to determine and appreciate the impact using technology for the productivity of every individual. Statement of the Problem The main aim of the study was to design and develop a computerized library circulation system for NPCMSTI. Specifically, the project aimed to answer the following questions: 1. What are the processes involved in the existing library circulation system of NPCMSTI along the areas on: a) borrowing and returning of books and other reading materials, and b) inventory of books and other reading materials, and  report generation? 2. What system features can be incorporated in the proposed library system in terms of: a) functionalities, b) back-up and restoration facilities, and c) security and control measures? Objectives of the Study The researcher aimed to design and develop a computerized library circulation system for NPCMSTI. Specifically, the study aimed to achieve the following: 1. Identify the processes involved in the existing library circulation system of NPCMSTI along the areas on: a) borrowing and returning of books and other reading materials, and  b) inventory of books and other reading materials, and report generation. 2. To determine the system features that can be incorporated in the proposed library system in terms of: a) functionalities, b) back-up and restoration facilities, and c) security and control measures. Definition of Terms The following terms are operationally defined: Administration. This refers to the supervision of the library by full-time, professionally-trained staff under a well-defined organizational setup. Back-up. This is the capability of the system to create a copy of the database. Book Category. The classification of a books as Filipiniana or Foreign. Borrowing of books. This is the process of lending available books and reading materials at the library. Inventory of Books. The process of generating a list of books borrowed, list of books available, and list of Filipiniana books and Foreign books by course. Filipiniana. These are books and non-book materials, published in the Philippines or abroad, written by Filipinos in any dialects or in English. Foreign. These are books and non-book materials, published in the Philippines or abroad, written by foreigners in any dialects or in English. Library System Functionality Features. These are the functions that are incorporated in the system such as searching of books, and verifying of borrowed books and returned books. Library Automation. It is an innovation using the computer to enhance the operation of the library. Library Circulation. It is comprised of the activities around the lending and borrowing of library books and other material to users. Library Environment. This refers to the physical condition, site, facilities and equipment of the library. Library Resources. This refers to the library personnel, book collection, services and use of the library. Non-print. These are non-book materials in various formats and style. Readers Services. These are services provided to customer such as bibliographical instruction on the effective use of the library, abstracting, information retrieval, reader’s guidance, and indexing. Report Generation. The process of generating a report on books needed by the librarian. Restore. Capability of the system that restores backup database into the system. Returning of Books. The process of returning the borrowed book at the library by the borrower. Searching of Books. The process of searching books at the library. Security measures. These are the computer controls that the library system will adopt in-order to protect the information or data in the database. Services. These are the activities that ensures maximum access and availability of resources and satisfactory use of the Library. Staff. They are the human resource of the library that maintains the services. This includes the professionals and the non-professional staff.

Smallpox Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Smallpox - Essay Example Even when not fatal, the disease can cause significant disfigurement and scarring. It was once the scourge of mankind, wreaking havoc across the European continent for centuries. Fortunately, modern medicine has determined the variola virus to be the only known cause of smallpox, making it possible to contain the illness by eliminating the variola virus. Uncontrolled, a smallpox outbreak can be expected to infect approximately 30 percent of those individuals exposed to it. Approximately 30 percent of these can be expected to die from the infection. The potential of the illness for use as a biological weapon has been proven in the past with its introduction to the ‘new continent’ and its use in decimating the American Indian tribes while more recent research suggests it retains a highly dangerous potential in the modern world setting. According to Henderson (et al, 1999), â€Å"researchers estimate that only 10-100 virus particles are necessary to infect someone† w hile inoculation supplies and efforts are insufficient to meet the challenge. An understanding of the history of the illness illustrates the importance for the nation’s healthcare workers to be familiar with the symptoms, diagnosis and treatment, prevention efforts and gaps in information regarding this illness. For centuries, the smallpox virus plagued mankind, regularly decimating populations in Europe and Asia as the virus was passed from person to person throughout the world on a continuous basis. Smallpox does not survive in animals nor is it known to be a carrier disease, in the sense that individuals might carry the illness without suffering its ill effects, so it can only survive as long as there are humans to suffer from it and more humans for these to pass it along to. With all the devastation that the illness caused, it wasn’t until 1796 before the first experimental vaccine against the illness was