Heart of Darkness/Blood Diamond

Greed is the Root of All Evil Greed exists at the centre of evil on not only an individual level, but also that of a communal and global level. Contextually there is a superficial alteration in the stimulus (Ivory vs. diamond) for greed and of global awareness towards the issue, although in the century that separates Joseph Conrad’s exploration of colonial regime in his novella Heart of Darkness and Edward Zwick’s post-colonial film Blood Diamond, the values driving the major characters and factions from the different texts are comparably similar.In both texts, there are individuals showcasing major facets motivated by greed, obsessed with the stimulus that is presented in either century. In Conrad’s Heart of Darkness, the character ‘Kurtz’ is primarily stimulated by greed. His obsession with ivory was at an extreme where main character ‘Marlow’ refers to his physical appearance as â€Å"like a ball- an ivory ball† and as having a n â€Å"ivory face. † These respective simile and metaphors encapsulate how Kurtz had become gripped by ivory to the point where it was taking over his very being.This description that Kurtz is placed in is carried through to his dying moments where â€Å"The brown current ran swiftly out of the Heart of Darkness-Kurtz’s life was running swiftly, too†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This indirect juxtaposition links the ideas of Kurtz’s life with the Heart of Darkness, not being a physical location, but an internalised nature representing Kurtz. These links of the rapacious Kurtz to a being of pure immorality is an insight into the overtaken existence of greed within individuals of evil.In similarity, is ‘Colonel Coetzee’ from Zwick’s Blood Diamond. This individual has a lust for wealth, one so overbearing that it blinds him from the fact that he destroys masses of lives to achieve his personal benefit. A scene that best represents this mindless mass murder fo r a cause that results in selfish profit is the Colonel’s order from the helicopter, â€Å"I don’t give a damn who’s down there, kill them all! † A low angle close up shot of the centre framed helicopter is used, presenting it as an overpowering, menacing presence.The line itself poses an emphasis on the Colonel’s voracious motives, suggesting he would kill his friend, and main character ‘Danny Archer’, if it means his war is won and his seldom benefits are received. There is considered intertextuality between this quote and that of Kurtz from Heart of Darkness. At the complete loss of morality from Kurtz, a quote marks this points â€Å"Exterminate all the brutes. † These quotes juxtapose the two characters from the individual texts together and with it, their greedy purposes and malevolent natures, proving that the greed of an individual is the root of their co-existing evil.Greed driven corruption is also existential on a com munal level, both in Heart of Darkness and Blood Diamond. In Heart of Darkness, the Company is the centre of trade in the Congo, a seemingly legitimate industry, although with hidden voracious motives. â€Å"She talked about weaning those ignorant millions from their horrid ways-I ventured to hint that the Company was run for profit. † This understatement made by Marlow expresses the Company’s care, or lack of, for the natives of the Congo, but in fact they only care to exploit the natural resources.We are consistently hinted that their work isn’t â€Å"out there in the luminous estuary† but â€Å"within the brooding gloom. † These binary opposites are repeatedly used in the novella to separate the ideas of light and dark with good and evil respectively, an extreme use of irony that Conrad persists with throughout the book. This mindless exploitation is an example of how greed can negatively affect a community. The communal effects of evil driven b y rapacity in Blood Diamond, is displayed through the actions of the R. U.F, the Revolutionary United Front. Their turning of native children into child soldiers and other locals into slave labourers, marks their negligence to human life so that they can gain wealth from the diamond trade. A heavily symbolistic scene in the film is the celebration following the overtake of Freetown in Sierra Leonne by the R. U. F. The loud, scratchy music accompanying the low key lighting in contrast to the bright blurred flames creates a sense of chaos and lack of morality, emphasised by the fast cuts and camera movement.The chiaroscuro lighting on the character’s faces and the silhouettes juxtaposed to the bright fiery background symbolises their consummation by darkness. Several presentations of immoral acts are shown, dead bodies being strung, children consuming alcohol and drugs and the destruction of property, linking to the classical allusion of Dante’s Inferno, exemplifying poi ntless suffering and destruction. This, among other scenes, symbolises the complete carelessness for human life in the voracious scramble for Africa’s resources.Although in the century that separates the two texts, awareness has grown dramatically, the global scale of corruption due to acts of greed are present in both texts. In Heart of Darkness, the novella ends back aboard the boat with Marlow and his crew as they are â€Å"lead into the heart of an immense darkness. † The physical connotations of this quote is that the effects can be seen on the other side of the world in England, although ironically the Heart of Darkness doesn’t lie in both the Congo and the Thames but man himself, whose actions have a global effect; the actions of Kurtz. Upon the whole, the trade will suffer. I don’t deny there is a remarkable quantity of ivory-mostly fossil†¦Ã¢â‚¬  This quote demonstrates the global effect that Kurtz’s actions undertake, making a histo rical allusion to the fossil ivory that ended up in Siberia. This demonstrates the global effects that branches out from the corrupt actions of a greedy soul. In contrast, the global awareness to the situation in Blood Diamond was comparably increased to that of the nineteenth century, although the global effects of gluttony driven evil were evidently more severe. The third world is not a world apart† is an ironic statement represented by the heavily juxtaposed scenes between a G8 conference and the diamond fields of Sierra Leonne. The high key lighting of the conference opposed to the overcast lighting of the diamond fields along with the respective modern colour scheme and the dirty, unappealing colour scheme is contrasted with quick scene cuts to juxtapose the sheer difference between the two ‘separate worlds. ’ Although these two locations seem so distant, the effects are carried through from one to the other.The conflict diamonds reach the stores of the first world but â€Å"are not ours to steal in the name of comfort, corporations, and consumerism. † This captures the global effects that man’s greed enfolds, taking advantage of the actions of corruption for our own consumerism, or greed. So in the century that separates Joseph Conrad’s exploration of colonial regime in his novella Heart of Darkness and Edward Zwick’s post-colonial film Blood Diamond, there is sufficient evidence to remark that greed is the root of all evil in man, the effects spanning not only the heart of man but within its community and on a global scale.

Project Manager

A project manager is responsible for all of the aspects of the implementation process. This is includes but not limited to the responsibilities of task assignments, resource availability, maintenance, project documentation, budget and timeline oversight, and communication among all of the project team members. A company may run into several errors before, during, and after a system is implemented it is critical for a plan to be formed and followed to try to reduce the amount of errors. To begin the process of implementing a system the project needs three major components completed in the establishing plans and controls phase.These three components are the breakdown of the project into various phases, specific budgets applicable to each phase, and specific timetables applicable to each project phase. For a project to be managed effectively the project needs to be broken up into multiple phases to try to prevent as many bugs as possible. If a project is broken up it becomes easier to m anage and precede smoother. Because a project of implementing a new system has multiple people involved it becomes unrealistic for there to be a standard method for breaking down the task.This is because there are several different opinions and requirements for each phase. To the extent possible, tasks should be broken down to a level where task definition is sufficiently clear to enable individual personnel to be assigned to specific tasks. Making an accurate timeline is difficult to do since there are regular setbacks when implementing a system. The timeliness will depend on the project manager and whether or not the manager has had previous experience with the company. The previous experience will help with estimating the amount of time given to each task based on the previous project.The time estimate will involve the four basic steps of work measurement: identify the task to be estimated, for each task estimate the total size or volume of the task, convert the size or volume es timate into a time estimate by multiplying the estimated processing rate, and adjust the estimated processing rate to include circumstantial considerations such as idleness or complexity. Executing Implementation activities is the next critical phase when implementing an accounting system. This involves the actual finishing the design plan.This includes activities such as employee training, acquiring and installing new computer equipment, detailed systems designs, documenting the new system, file conversion, and test operations. Not all of these activities may be applicable depending on the software being implemented. Employee training is critical because the employees are who is going to be using the system. This will help with making the transition into the new software smoother. Some additional design work will be completed during the detailed systems design activity.This is the activity that might reveal that some of the design plan will be unworkable, and plans may need to be c hanged at this point. Documentation is one of the most important activities when implementing a new system. The documenting can be used to help with training employees, provide programmers with useful information for the future, information for auditors, and assist with design expectations. The implementation plan will allow adequate time for data screening since errors occur during the file conversion.File conversion can be one of the most time consuming activities, and will be provided a lengthy timeline. For testing operations the parallel approach will be used despite the expenses. If the direct approach was used the errors from the system failing could equal the expenses that could be spent in the parallels approach to ensure system effectiveness. The final step in the planning process is the evaluation of the new system after it has been implemented. The new system will still need to be monitored and changes may be needed to the system afterwards.This will help ensure that the system is running appropriately according the original plan that the company decided on. Feedback will be imperative from the employees who are actually using the new system daily. The monitoring will be done through observations and questionnaires. References Bodnar, G. , & Hopwood, W. Accounting information systems . (Eleventh ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Hoyt, J. (2009). 5 steps to a successful implementation of your new accounting system. ERP Software, Retrieved from http://www. erpsoftwareblog. com/2009/11/5-steps-to-a-successful-implemention-of-your-new-accounting-system/ Project Manager A project manager is responsible for all of the aspects of the implementation process. This is includes but not limited to the responsibilities of task assignments, resource availability, maintenance, project documentation, budget and timeline oversight, and communication among all of the project team members. A company may run into several errors before, during, and after a system is implemented it is critical for a plan to be formed and followed to try to reduce the amount of errors. To begin the process of implementing a system the project needs three major components completed in the establishing plans and controls phase.These three components are the breakdown of the project into various phases, specific budgets applicable to each phase, and specific timetables applicable to each project phase. For a project to be managed effectively the project needs to be broken up into multiple phases to try to prevent as many bugs as possible. If a project is broken up it becomes easier to m anage and precede smoother. Because a project of implementing a new system has multiple people involved it becomes unrealistic for there to be a standard method for breaking down the task.This is because there are several different opinions and requirements for each phase. To the extent possible, tasks should be broken down to a level where task definition is sufficiently clear to enable individual personnel to be assigned to specific tasks. Making an accurate timeline is difficult to do since there are regular setbacks when implementing a system. The timeliness will depend on the project manager and whether or not the manager has had previous experience with the company. The previous experience will help with estimating the amount of time given to each task based on the previous project.The time estimate will involve the four basic steps of work measurement: identify the task to be estimated, for each task estimate the total size or volume of the task, convert the size or volume es timate into a time estimate by multiplying the estimated processing rate, and adjust the estimated processing rate to include circumstantial considerations such as idleness or complexity. Executing Implementation activities is the next critical phase when implementing an accounting system. This involves the actual finishing the design plan.This includes activities such as employee training, acquiring and installing new computer equipment, detailed systems designs, documenting the new system, file conversion, and test operations. Not all of these activities may be applicable depending on the software being implemented. Employee training is critical because the employees are who is going to be using the system. This will help with making the transition into the new software smoother. Some additional design work will be completed during the detailed systems design activity.This is the activity that might reveal that some of the design plan will be unworkable, and plans may need to be c hanged at this point. Documentation is one of the most important activities when implementing a new system. The documenting can be used to help with training employees, provide programmers with useful information for the future, information for auditors, and assist with design expectations. The implementation plan will allow adequate time for data screening since errors occur during the file conversion.File conversion can be one of the most time consuming activities, and will be provided a lengthy timeline. For testing operations the parallel approach will be used despite the expenses. If the direct approach was used the errors from the system failing could equal the expenses that could be spent in the parallels approach to ensure system effectiveness. The final step in the planning process is the evaluation of the new system after it has been implemented. The new system will still need to be monitored and changes may be needed to the system afterwards.This will help ensure that the system is running appropriately according the original plan that the company decided on. Feedback will be imperative from the employees who are actually using the new system daily. The monitoring will be done through observations and questionnaires. References Bodnar, G. , & Hopwood, W. Accounting information systems . (Eleventh ed. ). Upper Saddle River: Pearson. Hoyt, J. (2009). 5 steps to a successful implementation of your new accounting system. ERP Software, Retrieved from http://www. erpsoftwareblog. com/2009/11/5-steps-to-a-successful-implemention-of-your-new-accounting-system/

Compare and contrast your expectations of college to the reality you Essay

Compare and contrast your expectations of college to the reality you have expierenced..describe both imagined and real expierenc - Essay Example University life is not just challenging and full of responsibilities expected to be completed on time but also presents an interesting social life to every student. One can meet a lot of people whom he/she could get along with, not to mention, learn from, not only with regards scholastic related topics but those that help widen an individual’s foresight as well. This information learned from outside the four walls of the classroom sometimes are even more valuable because they teach practical lessons, first hand experiences that open someone’s understanding to another level. As expected, papers and a lot of reading are parts of a student’s everyday life so that this did not present any problem but has actually encouraged this writer to be ready to whatever should be expected from the modern American student. It sure makes a person wholly developed when he accepts the challenges of university life because the mind is not the only aspect improved but includes the so cial, psychological and even physical aspect with the various activities opened to all students regardless of race or sex.

Strategic Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Strategic Business - Essay Example According to the official website of Red Cross, the history of Red Cross is very interesting and it dates back to 1859, when a Swiss Banker, Henry Dunant whilst travelling in northern Italy came across the aftermath of the battle of Solferino. The huge disaster encouraged him to found a nonprofit organization in 1863 with the name International Committee of the Red Cross and after about 140 years, more than 186 National Red Cross societies were present all around the world. In Australia, Red Cross was established in 1914 by Lady Munro Ferguson after nine days of First World War. Australian Red Cross office is located in Melbourne and it is offering services in more than 60 communities there. The different kinds of community services provided by Australia Red Cross include the disaster services, refugee services, first aid and health services and blood services. Australian Red Cross Shops have been established by Red Cross organization and they are offering stock of big fashion at very reasonable and small budget. More than 35 shops are operating in the state (Red Cross n.d.). Australian Red Cross Shops are offering a variety of products including new and pre-loved clothing, medical equipment, baby products, baby kits, electric homeware, car seat etc. The Red Cross Shops are staffed by the volunteers and the income generated from shops is a source of fund for Red Cross. The political factors directly impact the operations of the organizations in Australia. For example, on 2 May 2010, the Federal Government of Australia declared the agenda for future tax system of Australia and this announcement affected all companies, small businesses and nonprofit organizations (Third Sector Magazine 2010). The review specially focuses on not-for-profit organizations which according to the review face inconsistent state and federal regulations in Australia. Since the corporate sector is the major

Nurses Using Critical Thinking to Implement Patient Care Essay

Nurses Using Critical Thinking to Implement Patient Care - Essay Example As the patient is acutely ill, assessment and interventions should proceed simultaneously. Assessment is done by history taking, physical examination and investigations. History taking should include the duration for which the symptoms have been present, the course of illness, associate symptoms such as cough, any obvious or clear triggering event, history of smoking and drug abuse in the recent past, history of significant weight loss and any significant past medical or surgical history. As the patient is having difficulty in speaking due to shortness of breath, history should be taken from the accompanying family member .The clinical record of the previous day should be reviewed which may contain the history given by the patient. Obtaining the history is important to arrive at the etiology. So far as physical examination is concerned, patient’s vital parameters are recorded and continuously monitored. As patient is hyperpyrexic, hourly temperature recording should be done. S igns of respiratory distress namely tachypnea, use of accessory muscles of respiration, wheezing and findings on chest auscultation are documented (Prigmore 50). General physical examination includes examination for skin rash and color, needle marks, lymphadenopathy, icterus and diaphoresis. Cardiovascular assessment evaluates blood pressure, heart rate, rhythm, pulse volume status and cardiac murmur, if any. The rationale behind all these assessments is to localize the site of infection, determine the cause of fever and to monitor the respiratory function and progress of the disease. Hydration status of patient should be assessed as fever can lead to significant evaporative losses and dehydration. Consciousness level and status of the pupils is assessed. Any tests and investigations that have been done till now are reviewed. Patient’s socioeconomic, professional and family background should be briefly appraised. Nursing diagnosis Fever is generally indicative of an infective pathology. Also, the patient has coexisting respiratory distress with diaphoresis. Thus, differentials of the nursing diagnosis in this patient are an acute respiratory infection like community acquired pneumonia of bacterial, viral or fungal etiology (Prigmore 50). Sudden deterioration with fever, tachycardia and tachypnea suggest acute lung injury. A young patient having a severe illness should prompt a diagnosis of immunosuppresion such as AIDS. Thus, the patient may have HIV related pneumonia and septicemia (Kalikiri, Kandala, and Sachan). Patient’s occupation where he may have been acutely exposed to large amount of dust or noxious fumes could have caused pulmonary inflammation. Construction workers may be predisposed to fungal infections. Fever with sudden onset respiratory distress and diaphoresis can also be a feature of acute infective endocarditis leading to heart failure as a result of intra venous drug abuse (Cabell, Abrutyn, and Karchmer 185-187). Some drug over dosages can also cause hyperpyrexia with shortness of breath. Non cardiogenic pulmonary edema and pulmonary hemorrhage are known complications of heroine abuse (Gotway et al 120-122; Dettmeyer et al 87). Patient’s lifestyle warrants an evaluation for substance abuse. An unhealthy lifestyle in a young patient can also cause accelerated atherosclerosis and myocardial infarction which is however, unlikely in the absence

Jim Crows Laws Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Jim Crows Laws - Research Paper Example hat the Civil Rights Act of 1875 as unconstitutional and that although the Fourteenth Amendment prevents states from discriminating against races, private individuals and organizations were not prevented from doing so.8 The Supreme Court ruling provided a booster for discrimination against blacks to develop, worsen, and persist. Thus, by 1914, every southern state passed laws segregating blacks and whites: blacks and whites could not ride in the same transport, be together, and blacks were denied access to washrooms, parks, beaches, picnic areas, certain hospitals, and the like. Blacks and whites were segregated based on which drinking fountains they can use.9 In the words of Sandoval–Strauz, for more than a century, public accommodations were at the epicenter of legal and political struggles for racial equality.10 Primarily, the years 1890 to the 1960s are widely considered as the Jim Crow era.11 However, several authors argue that Jim Crow legislations have remained and not repealed in the 21st century even as there is no longer a Jim Crow system in the United States. For example, the Jim Crow Study Group of the University of Arizona revealed in 2004 that there are several Jim Crow laws remaining in the Codes of Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Mississippi, Missouri, South Carolina, Virginia and West Virginia.12 Researchers agree that the Jim Crow system promoted the notion of white supremacy, economic exploitation, electoral disfranchisement, and violence.13 In 1959, Stetson Kennedy published a book with the title, Jim Crow Guide to the U.S.A.: The Laws, Customs, and Etiquette Governing the Conduct of Nonwhites and Other Minorities as Second-class citizens.14 J. Hernandez documented some of the Jim Crow etiquette15: 1. Black males cannot offer their hand to a white female because that would imply social equality. 2. Blacks and whites cannot eat together but if they have to eat together, the whites are to be served first and there must be a wide space betw een blacks and whites. 3. Under no event must a black male offer to light the cigarette of a white female. 4. Blacks were not allowed to publicly express affection with one another because that is offensive to whites. 5. Blacks were introduced to whites but never whites to blacks. 6. Whites need not use courtesy titles of respect such as Mr., Mrs., Sir, and Ma’am when referring to blacks but blacks are required to do so. Blacks can be called by their first names but blacks are not allowed to refer to whites by their first names. 7. If a black person has to ride a car driven by a white person, the black person must be at the back seat or at the back of a truck 8. White motorists have the right-of-way in all intersections. Further, according to J. Hernandez, Stetson Kennedy prescribed the following etiquette for

HOW DOES EXERCISE MODIFY NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY Essay

HOW DOES EXERCISE MODIFY NORMAL PHYSIOLOGY - Essay Example The situation, which will be described in this work, is the following: the experienced athlete is going to run a 20km marathon today. The aim is to describe his physiological changes during all aspects of this event. First of all, it is necessary to note, that marathons are not related to the sub maximal loadings; they are related to the dynamic kinds of sports with rather steady and obviously smoother changes in various physiological indices of the sportsman under research. Thus, let us look at the changes, which are caused by the nervous system when the race has just begun. According to Sutoo & Akiyama (2003), exercise modifies the function of brain, as well as the nervous system functioning. However, the mechanism of these changes is still unknown for the scientists. According to the experiments, the influence of the physical exercises has been displayed through the increase of the level in serum calcium, transported to the brain, to stimulate the synthesis of dopamine. In its turn, the higher level of DA synthesis becomes the main reason of the physiological changes during physical exercises. Thus, the main effect caused by the nervous system changes during the dynamic exercises is the increase in blood pressure, the rationale for which lies in the calcium-exchange changes; but it is important to know, that profound understanding of the process of calcium production as a result of long stable exercises becomes the reason for general decrease in bloo d pressure, and this contradiction may be explained as follows. Calcium is known to reduce blood pressure through the calcium/CaM-dependent DA-synthesizing system, simultaneously increasing it through intracellular calcium-dependent mechanism. These facts explain why the first several minutes of race are the most difficult even for the experienced racers. The calcium infusion, caused by exercises, becomes the reason of hypercalcemia during the first kilometers of race, and causes higher blood pressure,

Gas Laws Lab Report Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Gas Laws - Lab Report Example Trough was filled with adequate water and its temperature elevated by three inches and meant to be uniform in all parts before inserting a 250 ml having a single-hole stopper. The inserted flask was put in the water bath in such a case the level of the water reached to its neck and clamped at that position. After about 10 minutes its temperature was taken and recorded as (Ti). Room’s ambient pressure was also taken using barometer, which also the same with that in flask and recorded as (Pi). To determine Tf, the flask was inverted in a water bath for about 10 minutes whereby Vi then Vf were calculated and tabulated as necessitated. Then Pf was obtained using this relation, Pf = Pressure in the laboratory (Pi) – Water vapour pressure Tf. Then the remaining equation meant to obtain final Vf was obtained using the relationship Vf = Vi {Pi / Pf}{Tf / Ti }. A 125 ml flask was covered with an aluminium foil at the top before a pin hole made to allow easy escape of volatile vapour put in the flask. The flask while inserted in the water bath it was heated to the temperature of T. Then the flask was taken out to cool before its contents measured and recorded as m. The volume V of the flask was also measured by filling it with

Personal Statement Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 8

Personal Statement - Essay Example While searching for a major to match with my interest, my brother, who was studying in the States at that time, suggested that I study in the U.S. As I already had English language skills and was very interested in American culture, this was too good to refuse. I eventually came to the U.S. in March 2011 and began taking classes at Bellevue College in June of that same year. At first, I had difficulty getting used to the style of lectures here; this made me nervous during every class. In Korean schools, students do not actively participate in class activities. Instead, they just sit and listen to the teacher talking during the lecture. They rarely ask questions because raising a hand and asking a question in the middle of a lecture is sometimes considered rude. Also, Korean students tend to work by themselves and are not likely to cooperate with classmates. I was used to this style of learning, so the American lecture style, which encourages students to work with partners and ask questions whenever they want to, was very much culture shock. Even though I liked to have conversations with people and was excited to get to know them, it was even hard for me to mingle with other classmates due this cultural barrier. I felt that I was not progressing, so I kept losing my confidence. This lack of confidence created a negative perspective toward me while workin g in groups. I believed that working on my own was much more suited to me. However, over time I have adapted and overcome these cultural differences. The more I worked with partners, the more I was able to see the advantages of group work. As I talked to group members and became closer to them, I realized how helpful it was to share opinions and study together. We shared helpful tips about critical information needed to finish assignments. Group work also enabled me to understand the study material better and helped me get used to college life here. I learned how to cooperate through working together. Also,

Workplace Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Workplace Communication - Essay Example They have communicated their reservation about the O-ring’s potential for failure but as the disaster would tell, they were not able to send their message across effectively. The launch still commenced leading to the explosion of the Shuttle just seconds after the launch. It became clear that the Challenger Disaster was a communication issue as reported by the findings of Roger Commission, the body that was formed by President Ronald Reagan to investigate the explosion. The result of the investigation showed that the people in the telephone conference from Marshal Space Flight Center had different understanding of the message that the engineers were trying to convey which is why the Shuttle was still launched despite of the engineer’s reservation. The Columbia Shuttle flight 107 disaster may have a different circumstance from the Shuttle Challenger but it still ended up in disaster just like its predecessor. The common culprit is again miscommunication. Again, the engineers had expressed their reservation about the foam prior to the Columbia launch. But they were not able to communicate its message to the proper authorities effectively so the launch was still commenced ending in the same tragedy. Both the tragic stories of Space Shuttle Challenger and Columbia taught me the importance of not only communicating my message clearly and completely, but I should also consider if my messages are reaching the intended audience at a right time and opportunity. This story may be funny but sometimes working with senior citizens in the office can have humorous implications. I took a summer job before and this is where my experience happened. Our boss can already be considered as a senior citizen but he is still brisk at work. One time, I was asked to write a report for a monthly meeting which I happily obliged. I gathered all my data at the office and told my boss that I will have it done by the weekend and will send

The Tempest Essay Example for Free

The Tempest Essay Write about what Shakespeares theatre was like and how this links to The Tempest. Next talk about the characters Ariel and Caliban and say how Prospero treats them. Which character do you prefer and why? William Shakespeare wrote The Tempest at the earlier stage of his career. The Shakespeares theatre was for all classes of people, from the poorest to the richest. There were three different places for people to either sit or stand and watch the play. The Groundlings had to stand in the yard, because they only had to pay one penny. The place of Gentlefolks was in galleries for the price of two pennies and the lords would get to sit next to the stage and watch the play, because they paid twelve pennies. The theatre had no scenery. It only had a few props in the upper room where the machinery was located. Bu the language that the players used was very detailed and strong, which would have created a picture of the scene in audiences mind. As when Ariel describes that how the created storm was, she describes the scene of the play as well by the language that she talks. To every article. I boarded the kings ship. Now on the bear, Now in the waist, the deck, in every cabin, I flamed amazement. Something Id divide, And burn in many places; on the topmast, The yards and bowsprit would I flame distinctly, Then meet and join, Joves lightnings, the precursors O the dreadful thunder-claps, more momentary And sight-outrunning were not. The fire and cracks Of sulphurous roaring the most mighty Neptune seemed to besiege, and make his hold waves tremble, Yea his dread trident shake. There were many poor people stood around the stage. Usually there were rowdy crowds. The play had to have dramatic opening in order to attract the audiences attention. The Shakespeares theatre was a open air theatre which would have helped to add on to the drama of the play by the atmosphere that it creates. For example The Tempest begins with a storm to grab attention of an audience and if there was a storm at the time, the play would be more realistic. In Elizabethans time women were not allowed to play on stage, because of this young boys whose voices were similar to women were used in theatre. Shakespeare has always used magical plays to interest his readers. He has always used fairy tale characters like prince, princess, witch and strange creatures to make his plays more interesting and more attractive. As in The Tempest which is a magical play he used two creatures, Ariel and Caliban and a witch Prospero.

Easy Honey Hair Care Essay Example for Free

Easy Honey Hair Care Essay Let me start at the beginning. This past year, I’ve been on a crazy hippie journey to eliminate toxic products from my life. Now, I’m excited to say that all of my body care items are homemade and non toxic. This includes: toothpaste, deodorant, body moisturizer (a blend of coconut oil, emu oil and essential oils), facial oil, and facial toner. I tried numerous types of DIY shampoos, including the no ‘poo method, but I was never happy. They irritated my scalp or dried out my hair. As a matter of fact, the no ‘poo method (baking soda + vinegar hair care) actually damages hair! Why Wash Hair with Honey Shampoo I’ve been washing my hair with this DIY honey shampoo for the past month and I LOVE the results! First, my embarrassing and persistent dandruff is clearing up. My hair is soft, shiny and it has become even more curly/wavy than usual. Finally, it is significantly less frizzy and I have no need to use an anti-frizz product. My scalp’s oil production has normalized and I can go 4 days between hair washing. The pH of the scalp is between 4 and 7, and the pH of honey is about 4. The slightly acidic nature of the honey balances the scalp and fights dandruff Raw honey is naturally antibacterial and antifungal, so honey washing can help treat a bacterial/fungal issues on the scalp Honey won’t strip the scalp and hair of the protective oils. As a result, hair will be less oily over time because the scalp will stop over-comensating with oil production (which happens when shampoos strip the scalp of all oils) Honey moisturizes the hair, and, since it doesn’t strip the hair of natural oils, hair will be softer with less frizz You will be able to go longer and longer between washings as your scalps oil production normalizes. Now, I only need to wash my hair every 4 days (and I’ve even gone a week between washing)! Honey washing is easy and fast! DIY Honey Shampoo Use only raw honey. Regular honey is processed with damaging levels of heat and is actually cut with corn syrup. I recommend making it on a â€Å"single serving† basis, so just mix up a little bowl of the shampoo before you plan to use it. Here’s the basic ratio, but you can adjust it as desired: 1 Tbs. raw honey and 3 Tbs. filtered water. If necessary, slightly heat the mixture over very low heat to help dissolve the honey. Yes, this is really watery†¦ that is how it is supposed to be. If desired, add a few drops of essential oil. To the mixture above, I add about 2 drops of lavender essential oil, 2 drops of rosemary oil, and 2 drops of carrot seed oil. The essential oils add a light fragrance and also help with any flaky scalp issues. The carrot seed oil, especially, is very nourishing to the hair. Wet hair, then massage a few tablespoons of the honey shampoo on the scalp. Massage well to distribute over the scalp. Don’t worry about getting the mixture on the ends of the hair, just the scalp area. Rinse well. No need to follow with any conditioner. How to store the honey shampoo UPDATE: I had one reader tell me her shampoo grew mold after one week. I have not had this happen to me, but I don’t want anyone else to have this experience. That is why I have updated the post suggesting that you make it as you need it. It’s super quick to mix together right before you wash your hair. Dun dun dun†¦ The Transition Period Nobody likes the term â€Å"transition period† but I have to mention it. When you switch from any type of sudsing shampoo (which is very stripping and drying to hair) to honey washing, your hair will probably be oily and dull after the first couple times of honey washing. It may even take a month or two for your scalp oil production to normalize when you switch from regular shampoo to honey washing. So for the first week, you may need to honey wash every day. Then you will find you can go every other day, then every second day, etc. Updates and FAQs After this post clocked in at the 350 comments mark in early September, I figured it was time for a follow-up. In my Honey Shampoo: Updates and FAQs post, I address some common questions and explain my new hair care routine. I also give a couple of tips to make the transition period easier. Finally, I explain that natural hair care varies greatly from person to person and offer some other non-shampoo options to try if you don’t like Honey Shampoo.

Feasibility Study On Le Diner Restaurant

Feasibility Study On Le Diner Restaurant There are various approaches that can be deliberate for considering project feasibility and vital consideration necessary for each feasibility methods. The purpose of this study is not to solve the problem, but to decide whether the problem is worth solving. It includes tests such as Operational, Technical, Economic and Schedule feasibility. Operational feasibility study tests the operational range of the new information system before it is going to be established. The requested new system must have high operational feasibility and the usability will be high as well. With the start of the new system, will the restaurants employees (waitresses, owners) be fully involved in making and processing the new system? Is the current paper-based system well liked and efficiently and effectively been used, and are they comfortable using the existing system? Do the waitresses and the owners Frank Anderson, Gina Wong and Wayne OConner support the project? Will they see the need for a modification for the existing paper-based system? Will there be any new request from the owners using the system or required any new modifications after the new system been made? Will the new system be secure from viruses? And no further changes will be made in the future? Technical Feasibility This feasibility study deliberates about the technical requirements of the new proposed system for the restaurant which will effectively satisfy the employees. Considerations of the technical requirements are then compared to the technical capability of the restaurant. Software, hardware and network settings must be installed in part of the new system invention; can the Le Diner Restaurant obtain those kinds on production? Will there be a prototype for the new system, and will there be a trial to try on before building the actual system? Do the staff and owners have the skills and experience in other words practical knowledge in IT; do they have an IT background? If not, can it be learned and taught? Will the new system incorporate with other company information systems? Will the combination of hardware and software supply sufficient routine and performance? Does the new system available and has been made by other IT professional before and does the technology even exists at all? Economic Feasibility Economic feasibility involves a method and also an effort to make sure whether or not it is consistent and likely to complete. This feasibility basically evaluating the efficiency of the new system, where it analysed the new system costs and incomes as well as benefits of the proposed system and whether it will be greater than its lifetime costs, in other words it must be an accurate weigh for the cost versus the benefits before taking any action. To determine the total cost of ownership, estimation costs must be done for: The management, IT team and employees Training personnel Hardware such as required desktop, CPU and software such as the required application to build the new system request which are the stock control software and point of sale software. The estimated costs for postponing the project License and fees Consulting costs Facility costs Installing the system Conversion of file An analysis that needs to be considered is as follows: Will the new system be cost effective? Which means will it be worth the price to be spent for the new system to be implemented? Providing a basis for comparing developments. Comparison between the total expected cost of each section against the total expected benefits, to see whether the benefits outweigh the costs and by how much. Will the system be promising or possible with the given resource constraints, Resource constraints is an important resources that IT teams have to plan and manage on regular basis are machines, materials, people and working capital. Obviously, if these resources are available in abundance then the project could be accelerated to achieve shorter project duration. Other than the importance of costs, economic feasibility also evaluates tangible and intangible benefits to the restaurant. Tangible Benefits They are the costs for which it is assigned on a specific financial value and measured in Dollar ($) value. In this case the new system inventory software A new customer ordering system and food preparation system practically using the point-of-sale. The new system will eventually help to reduce the use of paper and also will automatically save costs spent. Budget saved from buying a new cupboard for the records to be filled in. With the new system the restaurant will have an increase of profit because of fast services. The new system will be beneficial for the waitresses in many ways such as a new food ordering system where theyre using Portable Device Assistance. Intangible Benefits Overtime for the employees will be eliminate The waitresses will enjoy their work with the help of Portable Device Assistance (P.D.A), where they can make their work more efficient and easy. It will create a working environment which is effortless and less manpower required because the new system is in its simplest form of usage. Schedule Feasibility Schedule Feasibility is a consideration and collaboration between time and costs. It is also the probability of the schedules time frame for the new system being completed within its expected due date. If the system has a high possibility of completion by the chosen due date, then this feasibility is considered to be high. The restaurant management need to establish a firm timetable for the project, will they established such timetable? Can the restaurant or IT team control the aspects that will eventually impacted schedule feasibility? What are conditions must be satisfied during the development of the system? Will an accelerated schedule pose any risks? If so, are the risks acceptable? Will project management techniques be available to coordinate and control the project? TASK 2 Task 2 Feasibility Report LE DINER To: Steering Committee From: Mohammad Sueib bin Suhaimi, Assistant Project Leader Date: 11th April 2013 Subject: Feasibility Report of the new system for Le Diner Italian Restaurant Introduction I, Mohammad Sueib bin Suhaimi conducted and investigate the different system criteria regarding about the current system and also for the new system. The main purpose of this feasibility report is to decide whether to develop the new system and to determine if the proposed solution is practical and feasible with the support of the different criteria of the feasibility study. Below is the Background of the existing system of the restaurant and also the problems that arises while conducting the system. There are problems that need to be considered and needed some attention and required necessary changes in order for the restaurant to have a better and time consuming system that will work for the employees. Existing System Background The Italian restaurant is owned and shared by three people whom are friends named Frank Anderson, Gina Wong and Wayne OConner. The restaurant is moderately in size and currently the system is done manually by hand. The goods are sent to the backdoor of the restaurant and Frank check the goods and update the stock log book every night after daily sales have been tallies. The current customer ordering system is where the waitresses of the restaurant takes order from customers and write it on order tickets and later been send to cash counter to total up, and next they send it to the kitchen where the orders are prepared, once it has been prepared the waitress will deliver the food to the customer and the order ticket will be placed into order ticket box. The tickets are reviewed nightly and Frank makes some adjustment to inventory. Problem The main problem of the existing system are basically the used of hand and paper based system which errors are occurred regularly. In Addition, the inventory systems are also paper-based, where it affects the supplier delivery order causing inconvenience, creating out-of-stock problems and impacting sales. When the inventory stock is low they have to reordered the goods where most of the time the time management is poor and not organized properly. As a result and in some cases the foods are wrongly ordered. The customer ordering system are also affected because of the system, as a result the order ticket are sometimes misplaced. Either never sent to the kitchen for prepare or never sent into the order tickets box. Therefore, the kitchen staff are struggling to keep up with the food preparation and making sure the foods are prepared at the correct order, and retrieved by the appropriate waitress. Benefits of the New System The new system will eventually help to reduce the use of paper and also will automatically saved costs spent. A new ordering system is where the customers order will be redirected to the kitchen complete with the detail of the waitress that is placing the order for different tables for different groups of customer that dined in the restaurant, a device which is specially made for the restaurant that eventually will eliminate the use of paper and manual work by the waitresses. With the new ordering system, food preparation in the kitchen will be much easier, smooth and proper. The new system will capture the point-of-sales data which is the information from a barcode data that will automatically assembled and collect the given info needed for inventory stock. Typically, the information gathered would identify the goods that are low in stock, at what prices, and when and where the transaction took place. As a result, it will eliminate the stock problems and stock problem. The system is also saves time where it helps the waitress to handles orders easier and proper. Frank himself whos in charge for the stock, the new system will automatically save, record and update all the important details he needs for inventory management and food ordering Feasibility of a New System Operational Feasibility It is very important for the employee of the restaurant to get involved and take part of creating the new system Will the user use the system once it has been made? This goes to the waitresses and also Frank that will use the system, the system will eventually will be user friendly and easy access for them to use and will not take a long time for them to learn to use it. The working environment of the restaurant will change to reliable and fast service. The customer will receive their foods on an earliest point of time after placing their orders, this will effect of how the system will be beneficial for the end user. The system again is user friendly, the user of the system will quickly adapt to the change and the system will have an easy access and different language system as well so that different people with different background will understand and will quickly understand how the system works. As a result the system actually will reduce the work load if used effectively. Technical Feasibility Is the project possible with current technology? The current necessity of building the new system is possible with the current technology available. The web based centralized application for Le Diner Restaurant can be implemented based on J2EE framework. Currently the new system technology is available with various third party dealers and which is also compatible with other systems but this new device and system will be added some new features and updated features that will be beneficial for every party involved. There are a few things to be consider as well to think through in this feasibility include manpower such as debuggers, testers, system analyst and programmer. Also need to consider the software and hardware to be used. Of course, the researcher needs to examine the monetary factors since it might need a huge investment. Resource constraints is very important in technical feasibility, it is crucial on having to plan and manage on usual basis are people, machineries, materials, and the people involve as far as working capital. Apparently, if the given resources constraints are obtainable then the project of the new system creation could be speeded up to accomplish shorter project duration, which automatically will affect the schedule feasibility. The system can be learned as it has no language barrier, as it is installed with a special all language translator that will translate from English to different kinds of other language. The device and the new system will be user friendly and the language will be in its simplest form for better understanding especially for older generation where basically they dont want to learn much compare to the younger generation. Economic Feasibility It will be an increased flexibility efficiency of operation by eliminating redundant data entry in the stock log book. Is the project possible, given resource constraints? It has to be develop system in-house due to resource limitations. Appropriate decision, increased monitoring of the new system and control due to access to up-to-date information. Cost and also error reduction and more effective use of staff time. There will be an ultimate high quality services, increased output and input material and efficiency The following costs spent for the construct of the new system which estimated will be finished in 2 months and also the organization and IT Team that will be involved to developed the new system are as follows: Requires: Costs and Hours spent Total costs for 2months 2 System Analysts $10.00 per hour $14,600 3 Programmers $20.00 per hour $29,200 2 Graphical User Interface $40.00 per hour $58,400 2 System Architect $30.00 per hour $43,800 1 Database Specialist $35.00 per hour $51,100 Equipment of Hardware and Software Costs Costs for a Year Point-of-sale software $25.00 for One Month $300.00 Portable Device Assistance (P.D.A) $65.00 for 1 piece of device Printing Device $70.00 for 1 device New network connection installed (updated regularly) $20.00 a month $240.00 As the estimated costs of building the system been done, the benefits of the system must be at the same level and doesnt outweigh thr level with both cost and the benefit for both parties. Satisfaction for both parties is important. Schedule Feasibility The new system may possibly be able to be developed, but that doesnt mean we have the skills required to properly apply that technology. It is true that it can be learn and taught, nevertheless, it will affect the technical feasibility of the project and definitely, it will impact the schedule feasibility as well. Considering this feasibility is to time and duration of the project whether if it is too long to be complete before it is useful. To approximate whether the prospective timeframes and the time of completion date schedules can be met. As well as whether meeting these date will adequate for dealing with the needs of the restaurant. The system will be developed within the timeframe given and it needs to be an exact date of when the system should be completed. If its going to take a longer period of time, it eventually will impacted the economic feasibility and also making sure that the management techniques must be able to coordinate and control the project Recommendation This feasibility is very important for the employee of the Le Diner restaurant to be completely involved and take part of creating the new system. If theyre not completely participating in the project they will not be able to further on to continue to the phase and to the next. Timeframe and consideration of each feasibility study are important as well. The new system is suitable to be called N.F.O.S (New Food Ordering System) for the waitresses to use to conduct their work. They will be using a specialized device where it consists of specific software that consists of menu details of the Le Diner Restaurant and together it also will detect as well as capture the point-of-sale data. There will be a new specialized device called Portable Device Assistance (P.D.A) and a newly designed software for the inventory stock system as well. This completely new system will completely help Frank to easily update and check the stock every night without staying late overtime if there an error occurred, it will completely eliminate error. To my conclusion this new system is worth every penny spent. Comparison to the current existing system, it is not environmental friendly where it is paper-based system and especially frequent inaccuracies and miscalculation especially for inventory stocked. Most importantly the new system will help to The system will help the employee to gain more profit and to have a better working environment and also a system that will actually help every single staff with their work by making their work easier to tolerate.

Critique of the National Cirriculum in Britain :: Education Policy

Critique in a policy document During this essay I am going to look at one area of our educational system and discuss in detail the features of this policy. I have chosen to look at, in detail the National Curriculum, which was progressively introduced into the Britain in 1989. I want to get an insight into the way the National Curriculum has changed and the ways in which it now gives pupils an extra advantage at getting the best out of their education. The National Curriculum delivers the information pupils need to know in a balanced and manageable way, but at the same time it is hard enough to challenge them. I am going to also look at Japan?s Educational policy and see what advantages they give to pupil?s, I will then compare the two policies. The National Curriculum is split up into stages, these stages are determined by age groups, key stage 1 ranges from ages 5-7 which is the year group 1 and 2, then there is key stage 2 which ranges in ages 7-11 this is year groups 3-6. Key stages 3 and 4 are secondary stages, so at key stage 3 the pupils are 11-14. At the final stage of the pupils development through the National Curriculum, key stage 5 they are 14-16, at this stage they get more choice in which areas of the curriculum they want to continue in. However some subjects which are part of the National Curriculum such as, english, maths and science are compulsory. At each stage expectations are set as to pupils performance levels. Targets are laid out for programmes of study for pupils. The national curriculum helps the school create a working relationship, not only with the pupils but also with the parents. The curriculum is a way to create many more opportunities for all levels of achievement. It can help with building on certain strengths in a pupils ability. When we consider the different structures to which the curriculum can take on we must look at the way in which the information set out through the curriculum is put across to the pupils through content and organization. David Scott a Professor of Educational Leadership and Learning at the University of Lincoln?s International Institute for Educational Leadership. He is an expert in curriculum studies, David Scott identifies and depicts six curriculum ideologies. These are Foundationalism, Conventionalism, Instrumentalism, Technical Rationality, Critical Pedagogy and Post-modernism.

Epidemiology Of Varsity Sports :: essays research papers fc

Epidemiology of Varsity Sports   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Varsity sports is in many schools as important as academics, especially in the United States. These schools rely a great deal on the success of their teams for financial stability and enrollment interest. The athletes as well take their sport very seriously, if only for the sake of their pride.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  It therefore follows that each team strives to be the very best, and only 100% effort is enough. Unfortunately, when competition climaxes, more often than not injuries result. This study is a synopsis of the data collected in a number of past articles concerned with injuries incurred by collegiate athletes in many different varsity sports. For the purpose of this study, an injury has been defined as any abnormal condition that has caused an athlete to be removed from practice or competition for one or more days, because performance has been impaired (Hanes and Murray, 1982). The following statistics will deal with injuries of collegiate sports incurred by athletes involved in Men's and Women's Basketball, Baseball, Gymnastics and Track and Field, Men's Soccer, and Wrestling, and Women's Field Hockey.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BASKETBALL The study of the nature and extent of athletic injuries Occuring in Women's Basketball by Hanes and Murray in 1982 found an injury rate of 41.7 per 100 players. Of these injuries 56.9% were ankle sprains, 24.1% were muscle strains. 76.2% of the sprains and strains occurred to the lower extremities. Injured fingers ( which were the only upper extremity injuries) accounted for 14.3% of the injuries and 4.8% of the injuries were reported as facial.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All information for this study was collected through the use of injury forms completed by the coaches, and information forms by each player, injured or not. In a separate study for the American Journal of Sports Medicine by Clarke and Buckley in 1980 on injuries incurred in collegiate Women's Basketball, there was an injury rate of 20.3 per 100 players. There was a reported incidence of 53% sprains, and 4% strains. 40% of all injuries sustained were to the lower extremities. In the same study Clarke and Buckley found similar results in Men's Varsity Basketball to that of the Women's. The men reported 20.7 per 100 players suffering injuries, 54% of those being sprains, 6% being strains with 37% of the injuries Occuring to the lower extremity.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  All the data collected by Clarke and Buckley was received from the National Athletic Injury/ Illness Recording System (NAIRS).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  BASEBALL Clark and Buckley have also examined Men's and Women's Baseball in their study The reported injury rate for this particular sport was 9.2% (men's) and 8.7% (women's). Sprains occurred 37% and 40% respectively, strains accounted

The Lamb Essay -- essays research papers

  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  A time lost in it’s own morals, seeks refuge in the knowledge and innocence of the past. William Blake used direct dictation through his poem, â€Å"THE LAMB†, in disseminating his theorem, which we, humans, seek to find peace within our selves only after reestablishing our identity with something pure. In the poem William Blake uses the Lamb, as a vessel, to interpret the innocence, we would seek to use. The speaker is seeking answers to his questions, about how the lamb gained such natural innocence. Blake’s biblical reference is also clear; although one may possibly, with out major knowledge of biblical testaments, know that Adam and Eve both â€Å"sinned†; therefore damning all mankind to eternal suffering. This eternal suffering is what the speaker may be trying to express, envy for the lamb’s godlike quality and innocence that it still retains, unlike the speaker a human by default.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"Lamb Lamb, who made thee?† A rhetorical question to ponder upon, not to seek an answer. To ask the lamb its self â€Å"who made thee?† it may answer â€Å"My mama†. Although William Blake may have not intended such simplistic interpretation; William Blake may have sought scholarly biblical people to read and interpret that single line as a passage to his chamber of innocence, and metaphorical visions of happiness. Throughout the poem the speaker continues to haggle the lamb about its nature, as if to repress the lamb’s self worth. The lamb is seen as...

Opinion Poll and Strong Public Opinion

FRQ: Public Opinion Public opinion polls are a way to link the public with elected officials. Members of Congress often use polls to understand the views of their constituents, but they must also pay attention to other political considerations. a. Identify two characteristics of a valid, scientific, public opinion poll. b. Explain why each of the following enhances the influence of public opinion on the voting decisions of members of Congress. †¢ Strong public opinion as expressed in polling results Competitive re-elections c. Explain why each of the following limits the influence of public opinion on the voting decisions of members of Congress. †¢ Legislators’ voting records †¢ Party leadership 6 points Part (a): 2 points One point is earned for each correct identification of a characteristic of a valid, scientific public opinion poll. Acceptable characteristics may include the following: †¢ Randomized sample †¢ Representative sample †¢ Question wording (unbiased, unambiguous) Large sample size/low margin of error Part (b): 2 points One point is earned for a correct explanation of why each of the following enhances the influence of public opinion on the voting decisions of members of Congress. †¢ Strong public opinion as expressed in polling results o Because of the desire to get reelected/electoral ambition o Because of the perceived obligation/duty to represent their constituents †¢ Competitive reelections o Because of the desire to get reelected Part (c): 2 pointsOne point is earned for a correct explanation of why each of the following limits the influence of public opinion on the voting decisions of members of Congress. †¢ Legislators’ voting records o To avoid being perceived as indecisive by voters/supporters †¢ Party leadership: o To avoid the risk of losing party support o To gain party support A score of zero (0) is assigned to an answer that is attempted but earns no points. A score of dash (—) is assigned to an answer that is blank or off task.

How Does the English Language Vary at Individual?

How does the slope lingual process vary at man-to-man, societal and orthogonal levels? incline has become the first sincerely planetary manner of speaking (McCrum et al. , 2002, p. 9). As a result of rears in technology and transport, varieties of incline fork up spread through come in the arena. This outside(a)isation has been described by Shreeve as an identify phenomenon (1999, p. 1). incline now underpins the lives and cultures of a vast spectrum of pack, with unitary in four people in the world now melted droprs of slope (Crystal, 2002, p. 10). delivery involves making meaning and single identity element. It has been defined by Emmit et al. as mediating betwixt self and society , a right smart of representing the world to ourselves and some other(a)s (2006, p. 17). thither be sozz take links in the midst of how individuals friendly function diametrical varieties of incline and the fond implications of why they do so. According to Swann Lang uage varieties ar non simply linguistic phenomena. They carry totally important(p) loving meanings (2007, p. 11). Many social factors have affected the side of meat style, leading to the numerous varieties that be recognised and used today.Variety hatful be seen in the representation all(prenominal) individual uses the position style, the interaction in the midst of social crowds and in the way dissimilar countries are utilising the address. The numerous emphasiss in use in the UK demonstrate the diverse temperament of the slope row. dialects include variations in syntax, morphology, lexicon and phonology. It has been argued from a prescriptive perspective, by linguists such as Quirk and Greenbaum, that dialects are non admittedly smorgasbords of slope and that thither studys to be a common core of side (Quirk, 1972 in Kachru et al, 2009, p. 513).This is the pure and stringent exploit kn give birth as common cast face, which is traditionally linked t o educated society. bannerisation consists of dustup determination, codification and stabilization (Trudgill, 1992, p. 117). It is a beat to be consulted a unified enactment to refer to. Standard side of meat is a publicly recognised, fixed form, a command of which affords social and educational advantages (Eyres, 2007, p. 16). It was formed by a exceptional social group, the group with the highest degree of social capital (Bourdieu, 1986, pp. 241-258), situation and p reliefige (Rhys, 2007).Rhys, however, perceives that Standard English is a social dialect (2007, p. 190) and argues that it is non premium to other dialects (Rhys, 2007). Labov states that all quarrels and dialects should be viewed as equal in terms of their capability to communicate (1969 in Bell, 1997, p. 241). bit a standard form of English groundwork be seen as a social and communicative necessity useful for educational and inter field of studyistic affairs, vernacular forms should not be disco unted or regarded as inferior. Dialects represent a smaller locality and are thereof more than partingl.A relevant example is the use of dialects in regional BBC news broadcasting. While the national news is presented in Standard English, a code with a particular grammar, pronunciation and register, the BBCs regional programmes event a local identity that johnnot be found in national broadcasting. Interviewees and lecture heads ofttimes have strong regional accents and speak in the dialectal forms familiar to their viewers. The regional programmes are personal to their sense of hearing and emphasise the benefits of oral communication variation. Dialects represent social bonds and form because of linguistic choice.The formation of dialects has been explained by Freeborn Different choices were made among the varied speech communities forming the speakers of English in the past. These choices are not conscious or deliberate, tho pronunciation is always changing, and leads in prison term to changes in word form (1993, p. 43). The English linguistic process has fragmented into pockets of dialect collectable to social difference and geography. This is a microcosm of how international wordss form distance causes change. Freeborn believes that all dialects of a dustup are licit systems (1993, p. 0). All vernaculars are consistent, although they may not have the written grammar core (Quirk, 1972 in Kachru et al, 2009, p. 513) that Standard English enkindle boast. at that place is great variation in dialect throughout the United Kingdom. In 1921, Sapir sort his notion of dialect drift. He explained how speech moves down time in a current of its own making. It has a drift (1921 in Rhys, 2007, p. 2007). This sentiment relates to how language evolves lexical and phonological elements are jailed and new dialects are formed.However, while language is ever-changing, it is apparent in some cases that dialects are actually becoming more similar. This i s defined by Rhys as dialect levelling (2007) when constant contact between speakers of different dialects causes them to regress linguistic features of their dialect (2007, p. 204). In the advanced world this levelling process is a minute of improved transport links, migration and the growth of media and broadcasting. The urbanisation of the UK mean that rural areas are not as isolated from cities as they were when Sapir wrote of a dialect drift.Advances in technology and labor mean that the boundaries of dialect, known as isoglosses (Freeborn, 1993), are being broken down. large number inwardly dialect boundaries hear more varieties of English than they used to, so they naturally stick words and pronunciations into their speech. This process of change, however, occurs over a long period of time. Therefore, making move statements about the future of dialects is difficult. Major changes to language and dialect go forth not be visible for decades.Different speech communiti es will always describe different language choices (Freeborn, 1993), so there will always be regional variation. While language varies because of social groupings, there is also great shape within the speech patterns of an individual. Cheshire has found raise that speakers continually reassess the context and go down their speaking style accordingly (1982, p. 125). People alter the way that they speak depending on the person or group that they are speaking to, the location that they are in, the emblem of conversation and the topic being discussed (Swann and Sinka, 2007).Bell is unrelenting that the person or people you are speaking to will have the superior effect on the type of language you will use (1991 in Swann and Sinka, 2007, p. 230). He believes that the presence of another person or group causes people to change their linguistic code. This is known as the theory of auditory modality Design (Bell, 1997, p. 240). People feel the pulse to fit in and oblige their langua ge to meet their social and psychological needs. earshot Design can also be related to the whim of language death penalty (Hodge and Kress, 1988). People take on a variety of roles in their conversations due to a feeling of being atched and critiqued. Swann and Sinka perceive that speakers can be seen as relatively imaginative designers of language (2007, p. 255). Language is a inventive medium, in which the performer changes their approach depending on the recipient. The way that we utilise language and manufacture choices suits our individual discursive requirements. People improvise with language as they try to adapt to new linguistic codes. Individuals feel the need to inhabit certain conversational personas and to rent the linguistic features of their interlocutors. This phenomenon is an element of Communication try-on conjecture (Giles, 1971).Giles and Powesland explain that accommodation can be a device by the speaker to make himself better unsounded (1997, p. 234) and that it can also be regarded as an assay on the part of the speaker to modify or disguise his persona in order to make it more acceptable to the person addressed (1997, p. 234). The design of disguise is often associated with deception, just now the linguistic adaption proposed by Accommodation Theory derives from plastic ideals. The ability to alter and weave linguistic codes in different situations is a socially integrative mechanism.Variety in an individuals use of language exists to meet the evaluate communicative requirements of society. The English language is unceasingly evolving and is gradually becoming a planetary language. This is due, in part, to worldwideisation. Contemporary orbiculateisation is often associated with the shrinking of time and space. This has affected international trade and industry and also the way that the English language is used at global level. Rapid developments in expert and digital communications have led to the description of th e world as a global village (Hollis, 2008, p. 38). As the world becomes theoretically smaller, the development of English as a global language mirrors how our own standard form has developed in the UK. The world requires a stable and recognizable common code for effective global communication in sectors such as worry, science, politics and commerce. It could be argued that both Standard English and a new international standard are impersonal varieties of English. These language forms are functional a means to an end, whereas dialect and variety within a ground could be seen as representative of a more personal identity.Crystal perceives that there are the closest of links between language dominance and economic, technological and cultural power (2003, p. 7). In the case of English ontogeny into a global language the dominant force is the USA, which lay downs economic and political power. Due to the global position of the USA, countries which hold a lower international postu re are driven to adopt the English language. It appears that a universal, international standard is developing from an urgent need to communicate at world level (Crystal, 2002, p. 11).An example is Kenya, which holds English as a joint authoritative language with Swahili. While English is not necessarily welcomed, it is learnt in Kenyan schools and enjoys a high billet associated with social and economic success (Heardman, 2009, p. 20). The Kenyan adoption of the English language demonstrates a need for their acres to function in an international realm. There are opposing views on the idea that English should become the first global language. Some see it as an usurpation on culture and diversity, while others regard it as imperative to communication in a modern world.In 1994, french law was passed in order to halt the advance of English into French language and culture. The loi Toubon (named by and by the Minister for Culture, Jacques Toubon), called for a ban on the use of international English in business or government communications, in broadcasting, and in advertising if suitable equivalents existed in French (Murphy, 1997, p. 14). This law was a linguistic intervention, an attempt to prevent the fragmentation of the French language and to retain national identity. In this case, the borrowings (Dubois et al, 1973 in Swann, 2007, p. 4) that the French language had taken from English were becoming too frequent and were seen as being detrimental to Frances status as a historical and international power. The arrival of the internet, however, led French lawyer Thibaut Verbiest to enquire How can the Touban law be applied to internet sites created in languages other than French, that may be needed for the lay of someones duties? (2005, in Swann, 2007, p. 37). As France and other countries have discovered, the adoption of the English language for global means is a modern, national necessity.The positive effects of English are apparent in other countries around the world. In India English acts as a levelling preferably than divisive agent, smoothing out the intra-vernacular conflicts of a multi-lingual nation (Chakrawarti, 2008, p. 39). While language variety in every country is vital to culture and national identity, English as an international language offers a common form to be consulted and utilised. demo that a global language does not encroach on national identity can be seen in extraverted changes to the English guinea pig Curriculum.Andalo reports that from 2010, it will be a compulsory part of the National Curriculum for children from the age of seven to fourteen to study a modern foreign language (2007). The English government holds foreign languages in high regard and sees them as vital to a rounded education. The English language is a stabilising force, kinda than a dominating one. The evolution of global English is linked to linguistic stabilisation (Trudgill, 1992, p. 117) a question of international need in a di gital age, rather than a means of eliminating international language diversity and national identities.Language helps us to form ideas and process information on an individual level. It gives us our identity and allows us to make meaning within our social groups. Language will develop further as globalisation continues, as we strive to function meaning and communicate internationally. Crystal has suggested the idea of a universal bidialectism (2002, p. 294). His perception is that We may all need to be in control of two Englishes the one which gives us our mutual or local identity, and the one which puts us in touch with the rest of the human race (2002, p. 284).However, it could be suggested that we will be universally tridialectal. There is the descriptive regional variation within our national language, the prescribed standard form postulate for educational purposes and then the newer globalised form of English with which we communicate with the world. The evolution of the Eng lish language will derive from international necessity, but will not eliminate the fact that language always returns to the individual and their place in the world. List of References Andalo, D. (2007) All original Schools to Teach Foreign Languages by 2010. Online. obtainable at http//www. guardian. co. uk/education/2007/mar/12/schools. uk Accessed 2 November 2009 Bell, A. (1997) Language Style as Audience Design. pp. 240-257, in Coupland, N. and Jaworski, A. (eds) Sociolinguistics a Reader and Coursebook. Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan Bourdieu, P. (1986) The Forms of Capital. Handbook of Theory and Research for the Sociology of information. 24 (1) pp. 241-258 Chakrawarti, P. (2008) Decolonising and globoseising English Studies The eccentric person of English Textbooks in West-Bengal, India.English in Education. 42 (1) pp. 37-53 Cheshire, J. (1982) version in an English Dialect a Sociolinguistic Study. New York Cambridge University run Crystal, D. (2002) The English Languag e A channelize Tour of the Language. second edn. capital of the United Kingdom Penguin Books Ltd Crystal, D. (2003) English as a Global Language. 2nd edn. Cambridge Cambridge University Press Emmit et al. (2006) Language and Learning An innovation to Teaching. 3rd edn. Oxford Oxford University Press Eyres, I. (2007) English for primary feather and Early Years Developing lawsuit Knowledge. 2nd edn.capital of the United Kingdom SAGE Freeborn, D. (1993) Varieties of English An understructure to the Study of Language. 2nd edn. Basingstoke Macmillan Giles, H. (1971) Patterns of evaluation in reactions to R. P. , South Welsh and Somerset fresh speech. British Journal of brotherly and Clinical Psychology. 10 (1) pp. 280-281 Giles, H. and Powesland, P. (1997) Accomodation Theory pp. 232-239 in Coupland, N. and Jawowski, A. eds. (1997) Basingstoke Palgrave Macmillan Heardman, K. (2009) An Introduction to Linguistics The Study of Language. PowerPoint Presentation.Faculty of Education University of Plymouth Hodge, R. and Kress, G. (1988) Social Semiotics. Cambridge Polity Press Hollis, N. (2008) The Global Brand How to Create and Develop endure Brand Value in the beingness Market. Hampshire Palgrave Macmillan Kachru, B. (2009) The Handbook of World Englishes. Oxford Wiley-Blackwell McCrum, R. et al. (2002) The Story of English. London Faber and Faber Murphy, C. (1997) The Spirit of Cotonou. The Atlantic Monthly. 279 (1) pp. 14-16 Rhys, M. (2007) Dialect Variation in English. pp. 189-221, in Graddol, D. t al. (eds) Changing English. Abingdon Routledge Shreeve, A. (1999) The Power of English. English in Education. 33 (3) pp. 1-5 Swann, J. (2007) English Voices, pp. 5-38, in Graddol, D. et al. (eds) Changing English. Abingdon Routledge Trudgill, P. (1992) Standard English What it Isnt. pp. 117-128, Bex, T. and Watts, R. (eds) Standard English The Widening Debate. London Routledge Swann, J. and Sinka, I. (2007) Style-Shifting, Code-Switching. pp. 227-269, in Graddo l, D. et al (eds) Changing English. Abingdon Routledge

Lab Safety Paragraphs Essay

Splash Goggles:Safety is by far the most important thing when working in a chemical laboratory. There what are over thousands of injuries that occur each year how that are partially non-preventable, but a great majority are preventable many accidents that could have been solved with simple lab safety. One of the most critical pieces of lab safety would how have to be wearing eye protection. right Eye protection could save your vision and right eye protection should be worn at all times regardless if an experiment is being conducted or not.Every argumentative essay needs to depend on a subject that may be debated.They are more necessary when your TA requires you to abrasive wear them. They will protect you from chemicals, great but they do not offer permanent protection extract from chemicals. Following suit, gloves, like naked eye protection, come in many different forms, which can include, big but are not limited to the following: liquid latex gloves, neoprene gloves, etc. Glove s consider also come in different lengths depending, once again, on the situation wired and experiment being conducted.There is A profile article regarded to be the absolute most challenging article to write with click all information and the resources, it turns into a short walk in the park.

Long pants are crucial in a lab because they will prevent chemicals from getting splashed on to our skins and possibly causing a burning feeling. Only long pants and coats are strictly needed good for clothing because other loose clothing such as shorts, skirts, etc. are much more likely to easily good catch fire, or be dragged through chemicals, or last even tangle up in moving equipment.Closed toe shoes:Many of the many labs in chemistry involve dangerous substances that could cause much harm to our skin.Based on the freedom youve been given you can opt for a subject that youre comfortable own writing about.If broken glass pieces get on your exposed feet, how there is a high chance of injuries happening. Whereas if second one wears closed toe shoes, even if shattered glass last fell on our feet, they would be protected.Lab Coat:A lab coat is another good essential safety issue when working in the lab. In the chemistry lab we will be cold working with many substances, many of which are toxic logical and could easily get on our skin and clothes.You will must have to approach this problem by evaluating various sources to back up your evidence self generating and collecting.

Reading resources are provided in internet platforms and libraries.It is possible to go into supporting information inside the body of your essay, and dont tell us everything all.Recycling reduces the total number of crap in our surroundings.Theres also.

Safety at the job force is a significant part that numerous organizations of the real world of today disregard.When writing about an individual whos logical not well known about an instance of a profile introductory essay include details that will allow your reader to acquire an idea.Discover to reread and edit your new job after it appears to be finished.Every sentence has to have a verb and a subject.

Sony Case 1991-2003

Exploring coordinated dodging unmixed campaign STUDIES Restructuring Sony Vivek Gupta and Konakanchi Prashanth The electronics and media t dates Sony was assay by means of the tardilyr(a) mid-ni arrive inies and proterozoic subr exposeine of the twenty- head start pennyimeury. With sever everyy dis denomination, it seemed that Sonys perplexity immerseed around(prenominal) distinct restructuring of the smart practise. By 2003, commentators were commencement representative to hire whether restructuring was parcel of the tooth root or absorb onward of the problem. How should Sony be managing its st tellgic replenishment? G G bollix up statuss exchange, Sony has to change accordingly, beca utilize their schematic come online wint glide by to the Inter pay-en fittingd sit. 1 Mitchell Levy, creator of The harbor textile asylum For the graduation use draw and shit finis 30 June 2003, japan- trading floord Sony conjunction (Sony)2 kayoe d(p) the unified universenessness by am oerthrows c ein truthwhere jump on a wane in commit the axe sugar of 98 per penny. Sony describe a mesh dischargeology clear of ? 9. 3 jillion comp ard to ? 1. 1 one million million for the selfsame(prenominal) string in 2002. Sonys r dismantleues poisonous by 6. 9 per penny to ? 1. 6 one million million for the comparable period.Analysts were of the thinking that Sonys oversteping on its restructuring go-aheads had ca pulmonary tuberculosisd a epochal sugar in its imp durationtiveness. In the pecuniary family 200203, Sony had sp depot a great ? ampere-secondbn on restructuring (? ?500m ? a750m). Moreover, the come with had already de none in April 2003 al salubrious-nigh its plans to spend some earlyish(a) ? 1 one million million million on a study restructuring initiative in the fol dis ordaineding triplet social classs. Analysts knockd Sonys counsel for using up a coarse pennyer on tell o n restructuring of its consumer electronics blood, which accounted for close dickens-thirds of Sonys r fifty-fiftyues.In 2003, the gross gross gross receipts of the consumer electronics contri simplyion knock pig by 6. 5 per penny. nonably, Sonys blood line trading trading trading trading operations were re expressiond quintet times in the ultimo nightspot forms. Analysts opined that Sonys uppity focalisationsing on the maturing consumer electronics bank line c at one timern ( remuneration gross profit d birth the stairs 1 per pennyimeimeime in 200203), pair with ex ten-spotd arguing in the consumer electronics assiduity was ill impact its advantageousness. 1 2 Sony sternvass via the judge poser, Mitchell Levy, affix on www. ecmgt. com, October 2002. Sony was naturalised in 1946.The society invented the boob tube rec put up, walkman and mini-disc rec post. It is a star manufacturing traffic of sound transcription frequency, wo rd picture recording, converses and t sever altogether toldying utilize science mathematical overlaps. Sony has too fo jibeed into mixed(a) handle manage symphony, characterization, calculating machine merriment and interrogative pictures. The companionship is assiduous in tail fin important(prenominal)(prenominal) lines of shout out tour electronics, mettlesomes, melody, pictures and pecuniary assists. This lesson was active by Vivek Gupta and Konakanchi Prashanth of the ICFAI common snapping turtle for anxiety inquiry, Hydera shitty, India.It is intend as a al-Qaeda for slip by a sort out backchat and non as an instance of twain unspoilight-emitting diode or bad c incoming practice. V. Gupta and K. Prashanth, 2004. no. to be reproduced or quoted without permission. Exploring collective dodge by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 1 Restructuring Sony send back 1 Sonys pecuniarys (19912003) category terminate bunt 31 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 * ? pennyury = approx. A0. 75. reference act as twelvemonthly encompasss 19912003, www. sony. sack up. gross gross sales & in operation(p) revenue conjure upment (? bn)* 3695. 51 3928. 67 3992. 92 3744. 8 3990. 58 4592. 56 5663. 13 6755. 49 6804. 18 6686. 66 7314. 82 7578. 26 7473. 63 usable Income/ impairment (? bn) 302. 18 179. 55 126. 46 106. 96 ? 166. 64 235. 32 370. 33 520. 21 338. 06 223. 20 225. 35 134. 63 185. 44 clear up Income/ waiver (? bn) 116. 92 120. 12 36. 26 15. 30 ? 293. 36 54. 25 139. 46 222. 07 179. 00 121. 83 16. 75 15. 31 115. 52 However, Sonys arrive aticials mat up that the restructuring touchstones were delivering the craved burdens. fit in to them, the club had sh confess a authoritative stand up in its profitability in the mo terminateary category 200203.Sony typography a discharge income of ? 115. 52bn in the mo unclutterary 200203 compared to ? 15. 31bn in 200102. (See de perplex 1 for Sonys let on pecuniarys in the past 13 forms. ) A narration issued by Sony express, The remedyment in the results was partly payable to the restructuring of its electronics affair, e speci everyy in the fragments building blocks. 3 At the germ of the sore millennium, Sony face change magnitude bailiwickion from municipal and contrasted players (Korean companies same(p) Samsung and LG) in its electronics and pleasure tunees.The internal rivals Matsushita and necrotizing reckonocolitis were able to get flock a considerable commercialize overlap in the earnings-ready jail cell phones mart. Analysts mat up up that the US- placed software package result giants the standardised littlesoft and sunniness Micro trunks and the paying study lake herring organisations comprise a serious brat to Sonys seat recreation pipeline. priming coat On 7 whitethorn 1946, Masaru Ibuka (Ibuka) and Akio Morita (Morita)4 co-founded a political party cal guide outstanding of lacquer Tsushin Kogyo Kabushiki Kaisha (Tokyo Tele talks engineering science plenty) with an initial capital of ? 190,000 in the metropolis of Nagoya, japan.They gave importance to harvest know guidegeableness and inflexible to unfold progressive, towering-calibre end produces to their consumers. The fo at a start places throw ind umteen current crossways a exchangeable(p) the mag lowestized enter rec line of battle, the sm tot wholey-scale tuner, and much. By the 1960s, the c tout ensembleer-out had ceremonious itself in japan and changed its strike to Sony Corporation. During the 1960s, the social club focal pointsing on sphericisation and entered the US and europiuman grocerys. In the 1970s, Sony overly case-hardened up manufacturing units in the US and Europe. During this period, Sony genuine and foregod the Walkman, which was a cosmic success.It importantly come oned Sonys sales during the 1980s. By th e mid-1980s, Sonys consumer harvest-tides were groceryed in Europe by means of subsidiaries in the UK, Germ all and France. 3 4 pecuniary Results for the sec Quarter, FY 2002, stick on on www. sony. net, 28 October 2002. Akio Morita was a fine-tune in physics, spot Masaru Ibuka had a floor in electronic engineering. When Morita touch baseed the japanese navy blue as a Lieutenant, he met Ibuka at the navys Wartime Research Committee. Exploring bodied scheme by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 2 Restructuring Sony numeral sour 2 Sonys nonees (1994) transaction sector electronics lap assemblys/Companies impression equipment expand Comprises 8mm, VHS, and Beta- instal up VTRs, laserdisc players, sell out and industrial design impression equipment, Hi-Vision- think equipment, and depiction reads. Comprises CD players, miniskirt magnetic disc compile, earpiece stereos, individualized component stereos, senior racy school fidelity sound scheme componen ts, digital sound surface rec vows/players, radio-cassette record rec cheat ons, tape rec coordinates, radios, auto stereos, motorcar navigation organisations, professional- intent sound equipment, strait tapes, and bloodless MDs.Comprises dis state of colour TVs, Hi-Vision TVs, ready reckoner demos, professional-use monitors, planet circularize answer frames, projector dusts, and large colour scene display strategys. Comprises semi containors, electronic components, cathode ray tubes (CRTs), environ and tele conversemunications equipment, ready reckoners, ready reckoner peripherals (including floppy phonograph record systems and compact disc read- gene assessd memory systems), d healthfuling flick feisty systems, batteries, and FA systems. Includes capital of South Carolina Records concourse heroic poem Records classify TriStar unison meeting Sony euphony piece(prenominal) Sony Graeco-Roman Sony unadulte deviated flash & impression Sony ho nor Sony medicament enjoyment (japan) Inc.Includes the capital of South Carolina TriStar exertion draft Companies Sony tv set receiver enjoyment capital of South Carolina TriStar root word despatchice moving-picture show and Sony Pictures Studios and The Culver Studios. Sony sell enjoyment includes Sony Theatres. Comprises the redress profession of Sony breeding redress party exceptional and the pay operations of Sony pay contradictory. audio equipment goggle box Others merriment symphony chemical assembly Sony unison fun Pictures gathering Sony Pictures recreation Inc. (SPEI) damages policy policy and pay Sony purport indemnity and Sony pay International consultation Sony course of studybook comprehend 1995, www. sony. net. In 1989, Norio Ohga (Ohga) took over as the chairwoman and chief executive officer of Sony from Morita. downstairs Ohga, Sony began to enthrone greater furiousness on handle innovations that amend efficiency and controlled product equals. By 1994, Sonys bank linees were unionized into trey large- pointed sounds electronics, merriment and damages and finance (see postpone 2). individually calling segmentation was in turn class into product convocations. The electronics billet sectionalisation was cut off into quatern product convocations, which produced a extensive-eyedly miscellanea of products.The cheer atom, which consisted of the medicine class and the pictures assemblage, do medication telecasting recordings and feat pictures. The finance variability consisted of Sonys life story restitution and finance telephone line. The communitys out ripening was propelled by the launch of g actbreaking products and by its foray into the unison and films crease. Restructuring of electronics backup (1994) low Ohgas leadership, Sony witnessed miserable result in sales during 1990 and 1994. sales and process revenues ameliorate by only 2 per cent d uring that period.However, the net income and in operation(p) income registered a drastic crepuscule of 87 per cent and 67 per cent respectively. Analysts matte up that the doldrums in the electronics assiduity match with factors much(prenominal) as the recessional in the lacquerese miserliness and the sagacity of the fade against the one dollar bill led to the disability in the follows surgical attend. Exploring incarnate dodge by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 3 Restructuring Sony tabu impudently-fangled 3 gross revenue exertion of the electronics blood (199195) (in ? bn)* course/ individualised line of credit 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 * ? one C = approx. A0. 75. credit Sony y wee cogitation 1995, www. ony. net. moving-picture show Equipment 928 896 828 669 691 speech sound Equipment 882 948 928 841 899 Televisions 552 593 634 618 709 Others 619 793 772 817 909 It was discover that in the electronics fear (see flurry 3), the revenues of the video an d audio equipment origines were flood tide down or were at out do stagnant, magic spell the television and Others concourse were demo signs of cash advance. The Others group, which consisted of engine room intensifier products much(prenominal) as reckoner products, video adventures, semiconductor units and telecom equipment, was execute very intumesce and had a consequence rate of near 40 per cent.In shape to focalise on the halt egress transactiones, Sony inform study(ip) changes in the anatomical complex body part of its electronics commercial enterprise in April 1994. Sonys charge tangle that the crowd anatomical building, which had fuelled the ac unions gain in the 1980s, was proving to be supererogatory in the slashing crinkle purlieu of the 1990s. In the immature social organisation, the product groups of the electronics runes were regrouped into eight divisional companies. The eight companies were the Consumer speech sound & tele vision system results political party, the recording Media & elan vital companionship, the pass on Products gild, the ancestry & industrial euphonyal arrangements association, the InfoCom Products companionship, the alert Electronics confederation, the Components phoner, and the semiconducting material come with. The restructuring exercise pose special pore on the products that pee-pee the Others group. to from individually one one divisional go with had its own goals and was accountable for all its operations ( employment, sales and finance). The presidents of the divisional companies were authorized to decide upon the investments to be depict up to a visit limit. They could a exchangeable move out conclusivenesss regarding the HR issues for all employees up to the trail of divisional designateor.In addition, they were do trustworthy for the pecuniary deed of the companies headed by them. Sonys presidents were guess to perform a determina tion uniform to that of CEOs and were accountable to var.holders. The restructuring of Sonys electronics byplay was shoot fored at ameliorate the familiaritys sharpen on high promising products and expediting the finding make process to make the go with much than(prenominal) than reactive to changing marketplace conditions. sideline the restructuring, the subprogram of layers in the decision- fashioning process was trim down from half dozen to a utmost of quaternion layers.Commenting on his responsibilities at heart the invigorated body social system, Ohga said, premiere of all, I would manage for the divisional presidents to bunk their companies as if they were reporting to shareholders once a year at a shareholders meeting. My percentage interpret be to follow their strategies, meet whatsoever points I receive should be questioned and go away advice when and where necessary. 5 The main goals of Sonys freshly make founding system were ex plained in a enrolment empower The asylum of the confederacy inwardly a attach to ashes (see slacken 4).Explaining the principle for the novel system, Ohga said, By revitalising its organization, Sony subscribes to introduce harmonic products in the market in a timelier contrive charm but alter embody-competitiveness ships partywide. 6 In 1995, subsequently the utiliseation of the divisional friendship construction in the electronics trade organization, changes were proclaimed in Sonys way complex body part. chthonic the crudefound theoretical account, Sony was to be led by a team up up of executives at the feature-up the ghost anxiety level.The team include the prexy & CEO, frailness hot seat, chairwoman & foreland operational officer (COO), antique incumbents and the presidents of divisional companies. Analysts mat that Sonys way took this measure to tame the come withs in corporeald trust on 5 6 From a descent congregation brass to a divisional union placement, stick on on www. sony. net. As quoted in the 1995 one-year report, post on www. sony. net. Exploring embodied schema by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 4 Restructuring Sony set back 4 phoebe bird main goals of the in the al unneurotic systemG To throw out intensify center of wariness tradinges fugitive hookup civilise saucily ones. G To introduce an organisational social system in which sales and performance work practical(prenominal)ly together and respond dissipatedly to market changes. G To alter the organise to finish off responsibilities and slay liberty, indeed ensuring ready(a) responses to outside changes. G To slenderise the levels of pecking inn in the organisation. G To aid the entrepreneurial looking in auberge to rear a propulsive caution base for the twenty-first century. radical From a blood line pigeonholing form to a divisional bon ton System, post on www. ony. net. a single(a) le ader. In evidence 1995, Nobuyuki Idei (Idei) was appoint the chairwoman and foreman in operation(p) officeholder of Sony. nonwithstanding the organisational changes, the monetary military operation of Sony deteriorated in 1995. For the monetary year cultivation marchland 1995, Sony account a capacious net sledding of ? 293. 36bn. The drop a line off of thanks big(a) during 1994, the low motion of the Pictures group and the specialness of the pine away were regarded as major(ip) reasons for this loss. During 1994, the waste was at an all-time high against the dollar, do Sonys exports uncompetitive.Analysts likewise mat up that Sonys consumer electronics craft lacked unexampled, modern products. addicted this sorry pecuniary murder, the straighten out vigilance of Sony clear-cut to commingle the familiaritys respective(a) interior(prenominal)ated and spherical worry offices much(prenominal)(prenominal) as sell, R&D, finance, and HR. The things of its numerous divisional companies were indeed brought infra the engage skyline of military supply. Idei excessively heady to manifest the subsisting eight- family social system and to lay to a greater extent strain on R&D in the IT field. He snarl that Sony inevitable to boil down on ontogenesis IT- relate furrowes. matchly, Sonys steering reorganise the living structure to take a leak a advanced ten- conjunctive structure. THE TEN-COMPANY grammatical construction (1996) In January 1996, a forward-looking ten- ac familiarity structure was proclaimed, refilling the anterior eight- caller structure (see hedge 5). nether the impertinent structure, the anterior Consumer audio frequency & mental picture (A&V) community was sieve into tercet revolutionary companies the march phoner, the uncivilisedowship AV keep troupe and the in-person AV partnership. A bare-ass-fangled caller-up, the learning engineering smart set, was p artd to focus on Sonys billet interests in the PC and IT constancy.The Infocom Products corporation and the quick Electronics go with were merged to name the private & active communication theory confederation. The sore(prenominal) companies form were the Components & ready reckoner Peripherals partnership (formerly called the Components go with), the preserve Media & goose egg Company, the mail Products Company, the symbol & endure communications Company (formerly called the line of personal line of credit & industrial Systems Company) and the semiconductor Company. confuse 5 canonic features of the ten- order structure G A sore fraternity structure to retain quicker, more(prenominal) streamlined operations that give away bound market changes.G The foundation of an executive director advance to repay main office and collective schema and focal point give ways. G The appointment of natural companies and groups for entering into the IT and telecommunications subscriber linees. G The integrating of market functions. G The establishment of bodily Laboratories for natural commercial enterprise organisation schooling. G The knowledge of shining early endowment to nurse succeeding(a) managers. artificial lake Sony Announces a red-hot bodily building, stick on on www. sony. net, date 16 January 1996.Exploring in somaticd dodge by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 5 Restructuring Sony In order to plan and implement the corporate strategies of the Sony mathematical group, an executive advance was weed. The get along with was chaired by Idei. The other members of the get on with include the point merciful Resources incumbent, the forefront merchandise officeholder, the chief trade officeholder, the of import communications Officer, the head t from from each one oneer engineering Officer, the antique pecuniary Officer, the executive deputy sheriff hot seat & typical manager and the cured Managing Director.In an judge to merge the sell operations of Sony, the selling divisions that belonged to the anterior(prenominal) organisational frame-up were spun off to create common chord untried merchandise groups the lacquer selling meeting (JMG), the International merchandise & operations sort (IM&O) and the Electronic Components & Devices merchandising sort out (ECDMG). The JMG was prudent for all selling activities in Japan for phoebe bird companies the viewing Company, the kinsperson AV Company, the selective breeding engine room Company, the face-to-faceised AV Company and the universe figure & arduous communication theory Company.The IM&O was liable for live on all oversea selling efforts for these companies. The ECDMG oversaw the cosmopolitan marketing operations for the semiconductor device Company and the Components & electronic computer Peripherals Company. Analysts matte that this consolidation was make to go bad Son ys Japanese marketing operations from its intercontinental operations so that the barbaricowship could operate in a think stylus. To center all the R&D efforts of Sony, the previous R&D structure (in which each conjunction had its own R&D division) was revamped and trinity refreshful corporate laboratories were set up.The laboratories were the architecture science science laboratory ( answerable for(p) for reach outing out R&D for software, clams and IT-related technologies), the Product growing research laboratory (R&D for product ontogeny in AV agate line sectores) and the System & LSI lab (R&D for LSI and system design, the raw material components of computer ironware products). In addition, a brisk D21 laboratory was constituted to conduct semipermanent R&D for future(a) orientated applied science intensive products. Sony withal gave idiom to cookery young, talented passel to take up slide by solicitude redacts. The fraternity in like manne r introduced the oncept of virtual companies temporary groups consisting of people from different divisions for entering loanblend products. Sony applied this conceit when growing the a la mode(p) propagation mini book players. For the monetary year 199596, Sony registered a 15 per cent rectifyr in revenues and became scotch again. In April 1998, a unfermented organisation, corporate education Systems Solutions (CISS), was schematic to adjust and pull ahead Sonys training engagement systems and its international communicate chain. The CISS comprised an consultative delegacy of individuals from prudence consultancy firms and Sonys CISS representatives.The charge members apprised the professorship on proficient and strategic issues related to CISS. cases of the CISS were fixed in all divisional companies to hie the carrying into action of corporate IT projects. During early 1998, Sony organise Sony Online merriment in the US to focus on net-related projects. In may 1998, Sony changed the account of its bill of directors and naturalised the modern ready of Co- honcho decision maker Officer (Co-CEO). Idei was found Co-CEO. Idei mixd the stress system to force active decision making, improve efficiency, and rear greater billet pellucidity to managers.The fresh system free individuals prudent for policy-making from those who were accountable for operations. down the stairs the unexampled system, Idei was amenable for formulation and scheming Sonys strategies and lapse the suppuration of e- trading. along with Ohga, he had to handle the motion of the unblemished Sony group. hot seat Ando was do responsible for negociateing Sonys centerfield electronics craft, part old geezer pecuniary Officer (CFO) Tokunaka was do responsible for the familys pecuniary strategies and entanglement personal line of credites.In addition, the blow over care plants of Sonys orbiculate subsidiaries, whic h were previously called incorporate executive Officers, were redesignated meeting administrator Officers. Explaining the rule for these changes, a Sony spokesman said, These changes are aimed at making Sonys worry more expeditious. 7 7 Sony call concern squad, by Yoshiko Hara, EE Times, 9 may 2000. Exploring collective scheme by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 6 Restructuring Sony instrument panel 6 gross sales consummation of Sonys blood linees (199599) (in ? bn)* course of instruction/ blood line 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 CAGR (4 years) ? 100 = approx. A0. 75. artificial lake Sony yearly Report, 1999, post on www. sony. net. Electronics 3027 3283 3930 4377 4355 8. 55% plot 35 201 408 700 760 215% medical checkup specialty 481 506 570 660 719 10. 5% Pictures 282 317 439 643 540 17% policy 113 207 228 291 339 31% Others 52 78 88 84 81 11. 7% The implications From 1995 to 1999, Sonys electronics backup (on which the restructuring efforts were foc employ) grew at a change magnitude annual growing rate (CAGR) of 8. 55 per cent (see Table 6). The unison descent had a CAGR of 10. 5 per cent duration the pictures logical argument organization had a CAGR of 17 per cent. meaning(a) gains were, however, put down by the backs and insurance affair. The halts business registered a CAGR of 215 per cent, time the insurance business registered a CAGR of 31 per cent. In the late 1990s, Sonys pecuniary instruction execution deteriorated. For the pecuniary year 199899, its net income dropped by 19. 4 per cent. During that period, Sony was banking to a great extent on its PlayStation computer game machines. It was estimated that the PlayStation ( naughtys business) accounted for some 42 per cent of Sonys operate profits and 15 per cent of make sense sales for the get Octobercelestial latitude 1998.In the late 1990s, many companies crosswise the earthly concern were attempting to coin in on the net profit boom. At that time, Sonys prudence matte up the consider to establish a link amongst its electronics business (TVs, medicinal drug systems, computers) and its discipline-related businesses ( medical specialty, video games, characterizations and fiscal serve) by making use of the earnings. The solicitude matt-up that in future, the revenues generated by net-related businesses index even castigate those pull in by means of the consumer electronics business. It judged to use the net income as a intermediate for selling its electronic products as rise as its substance ( medication, movies and so on).In order to grasp this, Sony inform other shakeup of business operations. Analysts tangle up that Sony was in a skilful position to sour the opportunities offered by the profits since the gild already had an established position in the electronics and sum totaledness-related businesses. THE UNIFIED-DISPERSED caution gravel In April 1999, Sony inform changes in its organisational s tructure. finished with(predicate) with(predicate) the forward-looking framework, the beau monde aimed at streamlining its business operations to bust mould the opportunities offered by the vane.Sonys anchor business divisions Consumer Electronics division, Components division, medicinal drug division and the plots division were reorganise into profits businesses. This problematic the drop-off of ten divisional companies into terzetto net companies, Sony computing machine recreation (SCE) Company and the publicise & lord Systems (B&PS) Company (see face 1). SCE Company was responsible for the PlayStation business duration the B&PS Company supplied video and audio equipment for business, bountifulcast, education, industrial, medical and production related markets.The restructuring aimed at achieving tierce objective lenss fortify the electronics business, privatising triple Sony subsidiaries, and alter the watchfulness capabilities. The restructuri ng similarly aimed at enhancing shareholder abide by by means of determine universe of discourse focusing. 8 8 It aimed at creating respect by dividing the group into electronic neted self-directed business units much(prenominal) that the resources inwardly the Sony assort complemented each other. Exploring unified dodge by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 7 Restructuring Sony depict 1 The unified-dispersed precaution form fountain Sony Announces scheme twist for untried net profit Companies, stick on on www. sony. net, 29 sue 1999. modify the electronics business The leash intercommunicate companies created were the category interlock Company, the individualised IT profits Company and the mental ability engineering & mesh Company. several(prenominal)ly intercommunicate order was governed by a net smart set focus committal (NCMC) and a interlocking committee circuit card (NCB). The NCMC was responsible for organise focussing policies and strategies. Its members include the officers and presidents of the pertain vane guild.The NCB was responsible for managing the day-to-day operations of the mesh returnology party plot charge in mind the planetary corporate outline of the wide-cut organisation. distributively NCB was chaired by the interested connections president & CEO, delegate president, President and instance Director, two executive director substitute Presidents and Representative Directors, and bodied elderberry bush feebleness President. The crude structure aimed at deconcentrate the planetary operations of the keep ships company. The corporate situation gave the net profit companies the means to function as free entities in their alike businesses.To avail more helpingable and operational self-reliance, the corporate headquarter in any case transferred the involve stand-in functions and R&D labs to each mesh topology company. To give a that rise to Sonys electroni cs business, the counsel created digital net income Solutions (DNS) low the eyeshot of home base. The use of goods and go of DNS was to create a profit business mold by graphing strategies and maturation native technologies for beging the opportunities offered by the cyberspace. The grassroots aim of creating DNS was to father a net base that would provide customers with digital subject ( much(prenominal) as melody and movies) and fiscal function.Privatising Sonys subsidiaries As part of its system to uphold useful and operational liberty and to impart more attention to units which contributed substantively to its revenues and profits, Sony firm to diversify one-third of its companies Sony euphony delight ( Japan), Sony chemical substance Corporation (manufactured printed circuit boards (PCBs), recording media and automotive batteries), and Sony precision applied science (manufactured semiconductor watch equipment and precision cadence device s) into full(a)ly Exploring unified system by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 8 Restructuring Sony own subsidiaries of Sony.In addition, Sony reborn SCE, which was together with possess by Sony and Sony melody pastime ( Japan), into a exclusively have subordinate word of Sony. fortify the solicitude power To arm the focussing capability, Sony understandably demarcated the graphic symbols of provide and the refreshing created cyberspace companies. matchly, feature was make betwixt the strategic and jump functions. Sonys headquarters was come apart into two separate units root word render and business organization building block Support. The subprogram of meeting provide was to oversee group operations and cannonball along the allotment of resources deep down the group.The documentation functions, much(prenominal) as accounting, military personnel resources and general personal matters, were handled by the profits companies so that they coul d enjoy more autonomy in their operations. Significant semipermanent R&D projects were directly administer by the headquarters, sequence the upper berthy and short R&D projects were transferred to the bear on net income companies. In order to prise the act of the lucre companies, a encourage establish exercise standard system9 was introduced. The implications darn engage its restructuring efforts, Sony started come aparting products which were matched with the internet.Its electronic products, such as digital cameras, personal computers, music systems, and Walkman, were make mesh compatible. by its website, www. sony. net, consumers could embark in democratic television game shows, pick up to music, and transfer songs and movie trailers. Sony withal ventured into e-business with the obtainment of thumb improve Communications. 10 turn focusing on pass internet-enabled products, Sony as advantageously as seek to profit internet sixth sense by religi ous offering internet connection at lower constitute and higher(prenominal) speed to consumers in urban areas. Sonys restructuring efforts in 1999 were fountainhead depot by investors. pursuit the declaration of the restructuring programme, Sonys computer storage prices more or less tripled. This positive line act even in 2000. By swear out 2000, its linage prices were at a high of $152. Having already offered its PlayStation game storage locker on the internet, Sony successfully launched its PlayStation 2 (PS2) video game solace in Japan in attest 2000. The PS2 sell 980,000 units within the first triad old age of its launch. However, Sony comfort approach problems since its other businesses, including electronics, movies, personal computers, and nimble telecommunications, were not acting well.Analysts matt-up that the low internet cleverness rate in Japan (estimated to be 13 per cent in 1999) was proving to be a major overleap for Sony. Consequently, Sonys fisca l accomplishment deteriorated by the end of 1990s. For pecuniary 1999 2000, Sonys net income shrivel to ? 121. 83bn compared to ? 179bn in the fiscal 199899. This resulted in a major regress in its stock prices. By whitethorn 2000, Sonys stock prices fell by 40 per cent to $89. Analysts were quick to criticise Sonys efforts towards transforming itself into a web-enabled company.They commented that the company had created more fire hydrant quite a than pickings a a some(prenominal) monumental step in this regard. In response to these financial problems, Sony denote a reshuffle in its top steering. Idei became the Chairman and foreman decision maker Officer of Sony. Ando, who headed Sonys PC division, was 9 A system that helps in in effect determine the greet of capital. The quantity is found on economic profit, which is cypher by subtracting the bell of debt and impartiality from the in operation(p) profit afterwardswards tax. Sony aforethought(ip) to use thi s system of mensuration to set targets and evaluate business unit performance.The performance was to be linked, in future, with care compensation. 10 A general air bare company in Japan which owned gaucherie absolute TV and had successfully ventured into the internet armed service supplier (ISP) business by instauration the website, www. so-net. This website enabled online shopping, synergetic games, outcome coitus as well as stockbroking. Exploring incorporated schema by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 9 Restructuring Sony make the President, darn Tokunaka, who previously headed the PlayStation unit, was do the drumhead financial Officer of Sony.Sony withal undertook a massive cost-cutting exercise. Its global manufacturing facilities were trim back from 70 in 1999 to 65 in 2001. Sony be after to go on involve down the mo of manufacturing facilities to 55 by the end of 2003. This instill would result in the evacuation of 17,000 jobs. musical composition implementing these measures, the company had to deal with laborious bulwark from employee unions and topical anaesthetic governments (in areas where jobs would be eliminated). de raise the to a higher place measures, Sonys financial condition did not show any earthshaking improvement in 2001.The company was earnestly affect by the mean plot of ground in the IT industry during 200001, which led to a mitigate in the take on for its computer-related products. As a result, in scandalise of a 9. 4 per cent extend in revenue in the fiscal 200001 (mainly delinquent to the modify sales of the PlayStation games console) Sonys net income dropped importantly from ? 121. 83bn in the fiscal 19992000 to ? 16. 75bn in the fiscal 200001. Analysts commented that Sony required a refreshed business model. The company had at once to take cover measures to plus its net income.Sonys vigilance alike tangle that with the emergence of net-compatible devices like cellular phones, audio and video gadgets and laptops, PCs were losing their charm. It tangle that in the rising age of wideband11 the beseech for the in a higher place products was apparent to increase in future. Sonys worry matte up that in order to boost profitability and exploit the opportunities offered by the wideband era, at that place was a unavoidableness for notwithstanding other organisational restructuring. RESTRUCTURING EFFORTS IN 2001 Sony proclaimed other round of organisational restructuring in certify 2001.The company aimed at transforming itself into a individualised wideband communicate Solutions company by introduction a wide range of wideband products and service for its customers crosswise the world. Explaining the objective of the restructuring, Idei said, By capitalising on this business structure and by having businesses fall in with each other, we aim to belong the star(p) media and engineering science company in the wideband era. 12 The restructuring regard excogitation a raw(a) headquarters to function as a hub for Sonys strategy, modify the electronics business, and facilitating web- base sate dispersal. new-fangled headquarters to function as a hub for Sonys strategy below the new geomorphological framework (see shew 2), Sonys headquarters was revamped into a spheric Hub centred on volt reveal businesses electronics, sport, games, financial function and internet/ communication service. The native role of the world-wide Hub (headed by the top focusing) was to develop the overall perplexity strategy of the company. Sonys caution trenchant to flux all the electronics business related activities under the fresh created Electronic central office (Electronics HQ).In order to carry out the convergency of sound pictorial matter Products with IT (AV/IT convergence), Sony devised a queer strategy called 4 net income inlet. under(a) this strategy, the games and internet/communication service businesses were u nite with the electronics hardware business so that forward-looking products could be genuine and offered for the broadband market. The troika businesses were under the inadvertence of Ando. In order to provide support function for the entire group, a vigilance syllabus was created, which consisted of gravestone support functions in different handle such as accounting, finance, legal, gifted 11An acronym for broad bandwidth, it is a high-speed, high-capacity selective information transmittance deport that sends and receives information on concentrical line of business or fibre-optic wrinkle (which has a wider bandwidth than naturalized telephone lines). This channel can carry video, voice and data simultaneously. 12 As quoted in the yearbook Report 2002, www. sony. net. Exploring incorporate strategy by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 10 Restructuring Sony lay out 2 Sony organisational map electronics-related business (as of 1 April 2001) obtain A New gro uping social organisation for the beside do of Integrated, decentralise steering, www. sony. net, 29 evidence 2001. copyrights, forgiving resources, information systems, public relations, outer affairs and design. The vigilance broadcast was posterior rip into the Engineering, circumspection and customer do (EMCS) Company and the gross revenue course of study (which comprised the regional sales companies and region- ground internet direct marketing functions). The counsel weapons platform was headed by the Chief administrative Officer, a new created position.Sonys oversight alike reborn the product-centric communicate companies into solution-oriented companies by regrouping them into septenary companies. assemblage resources were allocated among the network companies on the innovation of their growth potential. Exploring unified scheme by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 11 Restructuring Sony alter electronics business To sharpen the profitability of the el ectronics segment, Sonys concern obdurate to give ferocity to product development efforts. The management felt it was withal subjective to enkindle the quality of the electronic devices manufactured.In order to achieve this, Sonys management devised an innovative business model called the present prize profit,13 which attached the companys existing hardware, kernel and operate done an elbow room of networks. Sony aforethought(ip) to develop a wide range of products which could be affiliated done this network. net-based content statistical distribution want the electronics, games and internet/communication service businesses, the entertainment and financial operate businesses were too unquestionable in a network compatible manner to quicken electronic content distribution.In the entertainment business, music and movies were converted into a digital format and distributed over the internet (apart from being distributed through traditionalistic bring such as music stores and theatres). In Japan, Sony medicament pleasure launched online music through its website. This website allowed customers to download prevalent songs for a fee. In the financial services business, Sony life story insurance policy Japan launched the life history contriver consultancy system which offered individualised financial services online to its customers.Sony feeling self-reliance Japan in addition went online and started selling its insurance policies over the internet. The implications short after the reorganisation, Sony launched some innovative products to leave to the broadband market. For instance, in 2001, the company launched a serial publication of internet-compatible quick phones. However, the product was abortive (owing to problems in the software used in the brisk devices) and in early 2002 Sony had to refuse tether batches of phones sell to Japanese companies. In consequence, Sony had to save off $110m in the quarter result June 2002.In April 2003, Sony announced some other major restructuring exercise (to be carried out in the adjoining tierce years) in order to assure its corporate value (see read 3). Following this announcement, Sony was reorganised into sevener business entities quaternion network companies and terce business groups (see introduce 4). These business entities were wedded the authority to frame short-run and long-run strategies. According to analysts, the companys financial performance did not improve in spite of the frequent restructuring by Sonys management.For the financial year 200102, Sonys run income fell by a significant 40. 3 per cent while its revenues registered a borderline increase of 3. 6 per cent. According to a tuneWeek report, sales of Sonys most utile products the PlayStation and the PS2 game consoles were likely to fall (see bear witness 5). cod to Sonys vile financial performance, the management be after to further reduce the exit of manufacturi ng facilities and shift some production activities out of Japan.Analysts overly criticised Sony for being a diversify business composite meshed in several businesses from semiconductors to financial services. They felt that the company should focus on a few extremely profitable businesses like games, insurance, and audio-video equipment and put in off the dead businesses. Analysts felt that disbursement broad amounts of bullion on restructuring was not justified, peculiarly since the restructuring exercises had not yielded the anticipate results. In 2001, restructuring efforts had cost the company ? 100bn and the proposed restructuring in April 2003 was anticipate to cost other ? 40bn. 13 The omnipresent evaluate meshwork is an surround in which PC and non-PC consumer electronics devices are seamlessly affiliated to each other and to the network, giving users admission price to all types of content or service, from anyplace across the globe. Exploring embodied sc hema by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 12 Restructuring Sony let out 3 Sony organisational chart (as of 1 April 2003) Source Sony Announces administrator Appointments and organisational Reforms impelling as of April 1, 2003, www. sony. net, 31 surround 2003. render 4 Responsibilities of network companies and business groups No. 2 3 cyberspace company/ business group planetary house cyberspace Company wideband intercommunicate Company IT and unsettled Solutions Network Company 4 5 6 Micro Systems Network Company patch craft crowd cheer Business Group function To create a new home surroundings with networked electronic devices centred on next-generation TV teaching of next-generation electronics devices and linkages to Game devices To ready a connected world with PC and industrious devices and spike the B2B solutions business To enhance differentiate devices and modules as plaza components of photogenic set products To promote Game businesses for the broadband e ra To develop entertainment content businesses based on pictures and music and develop a new content business model for the network era To merge various business units providing services based on direct concern with customers (finance, retail, etc). arm synergies and develop attractive(a) new business models for customers through the application program of IT. 7 personalised Solutions Business Group Source Sony Announces decision maker Appointments and organizational Reforms hard-hitting as of April 1, 2003, www. sony. et, 31 action 2003. Analysts besides felt that the convergence of consumer electronics, PCs and the internet was not only col up new opportunities for Sony but also creating more opposition for its core businesses. As Sony took steps to arm its networking capabilities, the company face new forms of contention in both domestic as well as foreign markets. For instance, in the US, software giants like Microsoft and solarise Microsystems (as well as a few startups) were formulation to enter the home entertainment market. Exploring bodied dodge by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 13 Restructuring Sony presentation 5 Break-up of Sonys businesses (31 certify 2002)Business Electronics Games insurance policy Films medicine Others sales ($bn) 35. 6 7. 4 3. 7 4. 6 4. 5 0. 6 run profits ($m) cxxv 578 91 147 203 NA Source go off Sony conduct the conjuring, by Irene M. Kunii & free fall Edward, BusinessWeek, 11 environ 2002. dismantle cisco Systems, which provided network solutions, had started manufacturing consumer electronics products. A BusinessWeek report said that Sony lacked any distinctive competencies in the internet-related businesses. It was neither an aggregator of content like hick , nor a limited-product marketer with an efficient distribution network such as Dell. Exploring somatic system by Johnson, Scholes & Whittington 14