How do the opening sequences of Dracula and Frankenstein position the audience Essay Example

How do the opening sequences of Dracula and Frankenstein position the audience Essay During the opening sequences of Dracula and Frankenstein, the director positions us very precisely so that we are mentally forced to continue watching.But what makes a good film opening? An opening for a movie has got to interest the watcher enough to continue watching; otherwise the film will be for void. Therefore, it is one of the most important pieces in the movie jigsaw. We are usually captivated to watch on by our curiosity. For example, in the opening of four brothers we are interested to find out what is to happen to the old Mrs. Mercer, who is trapped by two life threatening thugs. Similarly, in Dracula and in Frankenstein we are tipped off with too little which leaves us asking for more. In Dracula we wonder what happens to Dracula after he has drank the blood within the grail. Is this the point where he turns evil? Will he die? Live? Or something else? These are all questions that flutter through our heads. As with Frankenstein, from when we see an unknown creature terrori zing the snow, automatically we say, What is that? It is this temporary thirst for trivial knowledge that keeps our eyes glued to the screen.As with all films, a camera is essential and 99.9% of the time used in the same way, but its the style of angles that makes a movie different from the rest. Different angles convey different perspectives of a subject. For example, a low angle shot would make the subject seem large, powerful, destructive. This makes the viewer feel threatened and small, placing them in a position of inferiority. A close up shot shows best the expression on a persons face, which helps us to feel empathy for character, or to give us a clear idea of the emotions a person is feeling in a certain situation. In the case of Dracula, a close up is used during the passionate kiss between Dracula and Isabella. This makes us feel closer to the scene and gives us a much clearer idea of the emotions the characters are feeling, also instructing us what to feel ourselves.Also in Dracula, when we see a close up of Draculas face after he has seen the late Isabella, it makes us sympathise with Dracula, which leads to our empathy towards why he chose to go against his own church and become a vampire. In Frankenstein the close up shot is used similarly. When we see the stranded crews terrified faces we instantly receive fear ourselves. Though we are not actually in danger, the close up scene makes us feel as though we are actually there, in the midst of an unknown monster attack. The extreme close ups in the very first scene of Frankenstein were used hectically and haphazardly. This doesnt add too much to the emotions but more towards the action thats taking place on the ship. It makes it seem as though so much is happening at one time, yet we cant manage to see it all at once, which gives us a unique need to see more of the goings on on the ship, forcing us to watch on.Panning shots are used mainly to establish setting, but can also be used to follow action, in which case in becomes a tracking shot, or to improve an action in a scene. Tracking shots are used in Dracula to follow the war silhouette scene as it moves east towards its gory climax; this gives us a little bit more out of what could have been a small, tedious clip. A long shot is also combined with the tracking shot in this scene too. Though pointless in establishing setting because of the incredibly plain background, it is extremely useful in instituting the characters placement on stage. In Frankenstein, as the director already knows we have a thirst to see more of the surroundings, he finally gives us our wish, by using a panning shot which spans north from south to the top of the ship. This relaxes the anxiousness slightly, in all causing more room for more intense action.Aside from Camera, colour also sets a mood in its own unique way, hand in hand with lightening. Colour can tend to instill certain feelings in a viewer, depending on their average definition of it. Ligh ting can work with colour to reinforce its mood or weaken it depending on what the director wants. An example of colours power in Dracula is the first war scene. The background is pure deep crimson, only obscured by jet-black silhouettes of fighting or dying warriors. Colours effect is that we instantly get the feeling of danger. This is because wherever we are in life red means trouble; blood, fire, warning signs are all red, so we tend to go through life in fear of this shade. The blood red accentuates the feeling of danger in the scene as the shadowed fighters attack each other. The silhouettes are metaphorically highlighted against this background, which makes it clear what the director wants us to focus on. Shadowed people also help to instil fear, as we cannot at all see their faces so we take on the horror of all humans the fear of the unknown.What could these people do to us Who are these monsters? All planned questions by the director that we formulate ourselves. Moreover in Frankenstein it is more the lighting that takes control of mood. For instance in the very first action scene, the lighting is incredibly dim with only relatively bright light coming from the small number of rocking lamps along the ship. This instils the same fear as the one caused by the silhouettes in Dracula the fear of the unknown. No one has seen what truly lurks in the sea so nobody knows what could come to attack him or her next: that is what we feel for ourselves. The orange lamps seem like the only place where you can be truly safe, so we feel a need to want to stay near to them, yet we know that a light cant protect us from evil. This mixed feeling is also illustrated in the light itself, as it illuminates orange. As orange is a mixture of red, a dangerous colour normally, as well as yellow, a colour usually associated with safety. This shows that the director had this in mind to sub-consciously trick us into confusion of a secure site.The things we see also position th e audience according to the directors wishes, whether they somehow let on something, or whether they create additional atmosphere or mood. For example, in the very first scene of Dracula we see a cross on top a church spire. The effect of this is that instantly we know that this movie is going to have something to do with religion or God. It also gets our mind working through the denotation to connotation process. The average denotation is a cross, however its the connotation the director wants us to see. Connotation, Jesus, Christianity, religion, sacrifice. It is these connotations that we run through the possibilities of the film within our minds. Another example is the background of a scene which has a handwritten map on it.Again, denotation: map. Connotation: a quest, treasure, something to hide, something to find, a place to go or meet up in. One of the most important examples in Dracula is that of the final scene of the opening, when the candles bleed. The denotation is a ble eding candle, but the connotation is one that the story of Dracula itself runs on; new life being killed and the start of an evil beginning. Before the opening, we are to think Dracula was a very chivalrous, brave and respectable man, yet after this, he is untrustworthy, murderous and deplorable. Frankensteins symbolic nature is infrequent compared to Draculas yet more potent. In Frankenstein we are shown the moon, an object worshipped by ancient tribes. The denotation is simple, just the moon; the connotation however is by far the most important to the opening story. The connotation is that it is said to be the ruler of the seas. The next scene is one where a ship is ravaged by the seas harsh and utterly destructive nature. Because these two scenes are adjacent to each other it gives us a place to drop blame as we watch the action, now without the weight of the who did it? question.The symbols in the movie would not be possible without mise en scene, the technical expression for wh at is put on stage. The audience cannot be positioned in any manner without proper mise en scene, as it would not at all be believable. Mise en scene covers a variety of film instruments, including props, background, lighting, colour, character costumes and acting styles, movement of actors and even make-up. First up: background. The many backgrounds in Dracula drastically affect the effect that a scene has. For instance, in the church, the many religious designs, symbols and object make us know its a church and so makes our minds to predict what is to happen here.The directors positioning of the audience depends on this. Typically you would expect something clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½, such as Dracula coming to worship, but you are quickly surprised and horrified at what actually happens. The feeling of insecurity runs through your body, leaving you wishing for more twists; now you feel as though you dont know what can happen next this is where the director positioned you. In Frankenstein, after the ship fighting the waves the ship ends up in a snow scene. Every inch of eyesight is covered with snow, apart from the ship and a few crewmates. It is expected that nothing will happen and that the ship will be fixed in due course, yet once again the director proves us wrong. An unknown monster attacks, which is completely out of the status quo in a snow wasteland. The director has positioned us in the same way as the director of Dracula did we dont know what could happen.Another hugely important part of Mise en scene is facial expression and body language. This is a very deciding factor in whether the movie is believable or not, so therefore it is extremely important towards the directors ability to position the audience. In Dracula, when Dracula discovers that Isabella had killed herself his face was completely blank with shock, first. This is something that would actually happen in real life called an emotive overload, in which there are so many things a person wishes t o say or do, that they cannot act on one of them. However, abruptly after Draculas overload, he goes into a vigorous frantic rage due to his anger, which is a part of the stages of acceptance.The director realises that the audience knows these facts and uses it to his advantage; this makes them have a tiny thought in their mind that the story may be true and that it could even happen to them. In Frankenstein, the crewmates are deathly frightened when the unknown creature comes to attack them. As I stated before, humans are naturally afraid of the unknown. Clearly the director is aware of this, as the crewmates begin to run with their eyes wide open, mouths agape. They also clamber together in a huddle, trying to get as close to each other yet furthest away from the creature as they can. This is another human reflex which is commonly associated with the phrase, theres safety in numbers. The director knew that there is safety in numbers and was trying to prove that point to the audien ce, with the purpose to increase the fear in those watching the movie alone.Music and sound effects seriously affect the reality of a movie and its fear or comfort factor. A slow, soothing melody can calm the soul, yet a thrilling, quick-paced one can electrify it. Not to say that a slow song cant be frightening though. The most chilling music is found during the war scene and the church scene in Dracula. During the church scene there are many Victorian choirs, which is a clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ for church area in a horror film, yet subconsciously, it injects fear into you. Though almost 100% of the time not realised the correct music can remind you of things you are scared of and so, makes you fear the music.The most common is the Victorian music, which takes you back to a time where people were killed unjustifiably and painfully, a world only feared from your history books and never dared to imagine. This type of music also helps to build tension and suspense, all the way up until that all important and devastating climax at the end. Imagine for a second the scene without the choirs in the background. Would it have the same effect? No. Would you be as shocked at the climax as before? No. Would you want to turn away from the screen? Yes. The music is another grip on your eyes created by the director to stick you to your television screens and projection walls. Also in Dracula, the sound effects of the war scene really bring the gory nature to your realisation.Without those, you would just have visual sensations, which arent too much catered for by the movies audio-visual capabilities, and to those who look for more feeling in a movie. Quite simply, the strength of the scene would be weakened. The gory sound effects also open up the imagination of the audience, causing more of an experience. As the silhouettes have no faces nor expression, the sound effects help to generate additional visual to what the person is feeling, or how they look now. The director purposely does this so that people who watch the film can tell others, that they received more of a viewing experience. It makes the audience feel as though they must tell someone else to watch the film, otherwise they are doing an injustice to the world. In Frankenstein, musical is used differently yet similarly. Similar in the way it is to produce an effect; different in the effect that it creates. In Frankenstein music is used in the first scene to promote action and improve tension. The power of a violin is used in quick sudden strikes followed by long lasting chords in the background. The strikes represent the chaos happening on the ship musically.They appear to sound from everywhere leaving no escape. As the chords come in it makes us feel as though something is to happen in the movie itself, as though a bad act of karma is imminent. Audience members then feel glued to their seats to see what is to happen, and to see whether their self-made predictions were reality. In the next scene o f Frankenstein, where the dogs are first attacked in the snow the amount of sound effects were definitely noticeable. This is extremely important not just to the reality of the scene, but the mean of it too. Without the sound effects to accompany the death of the dogs, we would assume that they just died because of the cold. The cold? It seems unthinkable when you have actually seen it with the sound effects. Also, if they died from the cold, there would be no initial alert and possible the Frankenstein tale may not have unfolded.If a person feels as though what they are watching is not probably what they want to watch, this is because the genre conventions within the film text are opposing to their likings. If a person does not watch the film, it is impossible for the director to position the audience in any way. Horror of course is the dominant genre in Dracula, closely followed by religion and then romance is. We know this because of the conventions of the genre that we find in t he movie; for instance, Horror. In a horror movie there is normally human blood everywhere, or death happening now, next and soon. In Dracula, after the cross was stabbed, blood literally started to go everywhere and come out of just about anything including the candles. Also, there is quite a lot of death in the opening sequences, mainly from war. Though from fighting, the death still counts as death and so furthermore proves horrors dominant effect in the movie. Religions presence is felt from the causes of the war; two contrasting religions, Islam and Christianity.Also, when Isabella committed suicide it was described to Dracula as sacrilege. Sacrilege during life will lead to an eternal afterlife in agony in hell, the complete opposite side to what Christians hope to achieve in death. Romance is discovered when Isabella and Dracula share a very passionate kiss, before Dracula goes off to war. Kissing is a trademark clichà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ of romances, and so its solid proof that roma nce exists in this film. Moreover, Isabella kills herself because she fears that Dracula has perished in battle. This shows her real devotion to Dracula that says if I cant live with you, I may not live at all. Devotion is yet another marking of romance, which solidifies its presence. Frankenstein the novel altogether, is a gothic genre. Although, the opening sequences have the markings of an action film, or a chiller. I say an action film because in the opening, there was (quite frankly) a lot going on. The weather was destructive, the ship was barely staying upright, people were falling off the edges, lamps were rocking like illuminated pendulums, and people were shouting like there was no tomorrow, which for them at that time there probably wasnt. Many things get destroyed in an exciting manner in action films, usually with people in peril to accompany it. Therefore it is extremely clear towards the possibility of someone watching this opening clip, thinking that theyre in for an action packed adventure ride. This opening also has the chiller factor because of how we see the monster attack the dogs; we do not see the creature at all. We do not see what it looks like or where it is, yet we see one thing: the damage it can do. That fear metaphorically sends a chill down your spine leaving you feeling apprehensive and anxious a characteristic of a chiller film.Directors also try to send hidden messages in their movies, which you may or may not realize are being sent to you. This makes you feel as though you want to or do not want to be like this person, creating more opportunities for the director to position you or make you feel something. For instance in Dracula, Dracula starts off as a very noble and respectable warrior with a lover. Everyone feels as though they want to be like Dracula for a short while until he discoverers that Isabella has died. Next we feel that a great tragedy has happened to Dracula, so we change our minds to be our normal selves aga in, yet have sympathy for Dracula. We then lose our sympathy for Dracula when he goes into his rage and stabs the cross but, that sympathy changes into empathy and so we watch on without as much disgust as we would have before. This shows Draculas human side, and makes us think about what we would actually do in this situation ourselves. Dracula in this case represents the breaking point of humans, in which that everyone has a limit to as much suffering or injustice that they can take.In Frankenstein it is a little more difficult to follow a characters representation, as many characters shift throughout the opening sequences. One of the main characters is the captain of the ship. We feel almost the same as in Dracula here; we admire the captains valour in the face of danger, as he successfully survives the storm, to stop at a snow-covered land. Also, when Frankenstein arrives and the monster starts to attack, he admits to nearly no fear. It is this bravery that makes us link with th e captain, making us follow his ways throughout the film. The captain represents that people should face their fears no matter what, as most the time it has good results. Another character to follow was Frankenstein. When he first arrives we are very suspicious of him, and we feel a unique amount of mystery emanating from him. We only tend to follow him because of his leadership in face of danger when the monster attacks. This is because it seems he knows much more about this unknown creature than we do, so it seems right to listen to him. Frankenstein represents the fact that we all cant know everything at that sometimes it is best to follow someone elses ways, if you want to survive.One of the main factors in audience positioning is the narrative perspective. In a novel, the narrative is given by the author through words and phrases. In a movie, the narrative is given by the director, through the lines you hear and the scenes you see. The director has a choice of what to show you or tell you, therefore you really get the directors side of the story rather than an all sided tale; this is the narrative perspective. It allows the director to make you know what he wants you to know, so that parts can be kept secret to build tension. In Dracula, the narrative perspective is given by the fact that the director shows us the story before Dracula turns evil. This runs on the saying every tree has a root which basically means everything has a beginning. As the director shows us this it signifies his empathy for Dracula, hopefully making us feel the same thing for him. This makes the sinful events that are to come up in the movie to become softened; this results in Dracula seeming to a soft side, making people much more linkable to him. In Frankenstein, the narrative perspective is given when we see the dogs getting attacked, yet we dont see the actual attacker. This shows that the director knows of the attacker, but feels as though its identity should stay secret for the moment. Consequently this builds tension until the one point where we finally see the assassins visage. Also, it is a holding factor, meaning that it is a distinct reason for the audience to watch on, preventing any time for idling during watching.To Summarise, the opening sequences of Dracula and Frankenstein position the audience in different ways. In Dracula, we are left in a feeling of apprehension, anxiousness and disgust. This is because the director convinces us temporarily that the story is true, then when were down, uses camera angles and lighting harmoniously and artistically. He then uses controversial acts toward religious symbols to yank our attention, whilst fear inspiring choirs fill our ears of course, still leaving a message behind which lasts with us throughout the film. In Frankenstein the director gets our hearts racing, as we feel we are actually on a sinking ship, only mother nature herself to save us then, giving us a healthy dose of fear when an unknown creature attacks.The director hear leaves us wanting to know much much more, as it appears the movie is going to go into a flashback, which would reveal more of Frankensteins past. To compare, both of the films uses similar methods of positioning us to feel exactly what the director wishes, in turn making improving the video a great deal. Personally I feel as though after watch both these openings I wish to not only watch the video, but buy it and get other people too. They are both opening that leave you wanting for more, without putting you too much in the dark, so that you dont turn away.

Pest Analysis of Mcdonald Essays

Pest Analysis of Mcdonald Essays Pest Analysis of Mcdonald Essay Pest Analysis of Mcdonald Essay Essay Topic: Vegetarian MKT 204 Principle of Marketing 2 Individual Assignment Fast food industry Swot Analysis Name: Ting Ze Kai ID: I11008551 Section: 5K1 Lecturer: Mr CHEAH SIN CHYE Table of Contents Company Background| 3| PEST Analysis | 4-9| 4Ps Strategies| 10-11| References| 12-13| Appendix| 14| Company Background McDonald is a largest chain of hamburger fast food restaurants in the world. Approximately 68 million customers in 119 countries daily are served. The birth of McDonald began with Raymond Albert Kroc. He found two brothers (Richard and Maurice McDonald) who run a hamburger restaurant and acquired the franchising right from them to run McDonald’s restaurant. In 1955, McDonald’s Corporation was founded by Ray Kroc and opened the first restaurant in Des Plaines, Illinois. In 1980, GOLDEN ARHCES RESTAURANTS SDN BHD gets the license to operate McDonald’s restaurant in Malaysia from McDonald’s Corporation USA in 1980. The first restaurant McDonald’s Malaysia opened at Jalan Bukit Bintang, Kuala Lumpur. Now, it has more than 200 restaurants operated in Malaysia. PEST Analysis- McDonald Political * Raising retirement age * Healthy Issue * Taxation| Economic * Exchange currencies * Economic growth * Interest rate| Social * Seek to better quality * Technology with teenagers | Technology * Online advertising * Mobile CRM * New technology | Political Raising retirement age According to the V. SHANKAR GANESH and EUNICE AU (2012), they stated that the retirement age for the public sector has already been raised to 60 by government. It can be a huge impact for the company. Normally, company paid high salary for the old workers which contain high skill and experience. For saving cost, company will recruit new worker which paid low salary to cover worker near retirement age. But, the retirement age has been increase and old worker still with high salary. It will lead the cost of labour increasing to the company. Healthy Issue According to the Audrey Edwards (2012), he stated that 35 major food and beverage(FB) producer and fast food has been asked by the government to reduce the sugar and salt content in their product. It implies government will start to enhance the standard of requirement of the food and request fast food company emphasis on more healthy food. Therefore company should readjustment the standard of their food to reach the government requirement. It might affect the taste of their product and losing their customers. Taxation Prime Minister Dato Seri Najib in Budget 2012 announced franchise fee is now tax deductible in Malaysia. Those fees for franchise business they paid are allowable for tax deduction (NBC, 2011). It is good news for those franchise companies. Normally, a rise in corporation tax has the same effect as increase cost. Company will pass some of this tax on to consumer with higher price. Whereas, franchise business can use those fees they paid to deduce the tax from company. Therefore, the cost will be decrease and they can provide more value meal for their customer. Furthermore, they have more capital to find a new market such as hot drinks market, healthy food market and so on Economic Exchange currencies According to the The Star (2012), it mentioned that the ringgit climbed 3. 7% to 3. 0598, the biggest gain since the third quarter of 2010. A head of treasury at Bangkok Bank Bhd said that the currency is on a strengthening trend and could test 3. 3 to the dollar in the near term (The Star, 2012). It means that the exchange currency maintains at the high level and it will be increasing in the following. McDonald always imports most of its raw material such as beef and potatoes due to local market cannot supply in abundant to meet the demand of its products. Therefore, the strengthening of ringgit makes company cost of purchase decrease. Then, company is able to lo wer their product price and diversify their promotion tools to offer more value meal to attract customer. Economic growth According to The Star (2012), it mentioned that Malaysia’s economic growth remains strong and is at a comfortable level when compared with that of the global economy and the central bank has projected the Malaysian economy would grow at a steady 4%-5% this year anchored by resilient domestic demand. As the food slightly above normal foods, not many people will have the income range to consume the products. Moreover If the economy is bad and their income is affected, the demand of McDonald product will certainly going down. But Malaysia’s economic remains strong means Malaysian have more disposable income and they can spend more and more expensive food at fast food restaurant. Interest rate Malaysian interest rates currently at three per cent have remained accommodative (The Star, 2012). It could be a dangerous for the company. Businesses often need to take out short term loan to make up for shortfall in expenses, so higher interest rate makes such shortfalls more costly, since the business will have to more interest back to lenders. Company also frequently take out longer term debt for improvement and infrastructure. The higher interest rate, they should face more costly on their debt. Therefore, they should lower their cost of production by using different way and strengthen their marketing strategies to gain more profit to overcome. Social Seek to better quality Malaysian quality of life index increased from 100 points for the base year 2000 to 111. 9 points in 2010 (The Star, 2012). When their quality of life is improved, they have higher expectation. They will start to want have quality in services and more conveniences that can differentiate one restaurant from another. All these needs should be considered by the company. If company haven’t noticed it yet, it will be difficult to gain competitive advantage in the market. Technology with teenagers According to the Joy Lee (2012), he mentioned that technology has no doubt brought about the luxury of convenience. Nowadays, even a toddler or kid is in tune with technology. It means that technology is changing the life style. Teenagers want technology in their life and facilities such as credit card payment, wireless internet and other attraction for their hangout and eating. So all these need should be considered by McDonald Company. Technology Online advertising During the height of the tech boom, online business is getting normal nowadays. It brings convenient to the customer and company. According to the Jack Komperday (2003), McDonald’s sat on the internet advertising side lines. This will get closer with their target market because teenagers get in touch with technology more. Compare with TV advertising, online advertising is more effective and cheaper. Furthermore, company are easier to spread their new products and news through their official website such as www. Mcdonal. com. my. Customer also can take order easily through their official websites. Mobile CRM According to the Chantal Tode (2012), Mcdonald’s will introduce a mobile CRM program with the goal of rewarding customer and driving loyalty. The program involves using the Mowingo mobile application to notify customer about regional promotions and store-specific coupons that are exclusive to the app and the store issuing them such as they can get a free coffee or other through the app (Chantal Tode, 2012). This will lead cost saving for the company and attract more customers. New Technology Times have changed and evolution of technology in the fast food industry is picking up the pace. According to the Kerry Pipes (n. d. ), touch-screen kiosks and self-checkout lanes will happen in fast food restaurants such as McDonald, Burger King and so on. These contactless payment kiosks often included colourful, animated touch-screen menus that give customer the option to browse through the entire menu, customize their order, and then pay with cash a credit card Kerry Pipes (n. d. ). It is very fantastic system for McDonald which is a fast food industry provide fast services. They give customer more freedom and convenient. It will increase the speed of service and ease long lines. Company also can cut their labour costs due to the machine has replaced labour work. 4P Strategies deal with issue Product For dealing the health issue, company can come up new menu with healthy food. McDonald’s specialise product is burger so they can come out a healthy hamburger, add salad and fruit with set meal or organic food. It will meet the requirement from government and open new market to attract healthy conscious customer. Furthermore, Malaysia’s economic is growing, Malaysian has more steady and disposable income and they will choose more expensive and quality food to satisfy them. Therefore, McDonald can adapt better raw material to produce products with high price and high quality such as triple burger, high quality beef burger and so on to satisfy customer’s taste. Price In marketing mix, price is very important for a product. Due to the franchise fee is now tax deduction in Malaysia, McDonald are able to use more pricing strategies to position their products such as promotion price, value price, price skimming. But for the vegetarian burger and high quality beef burger, company can use pricing skimming method to set initial high price with them into market because they adapt high quality and healthy material to make it and then slowly lowers the price to make the product available to a wider market. It will position the healthy burger with high price high quality in people’s mind. In addition, exchange currencies issues bring the cost of production decrease and hence they can earn more profit. Promotion For the new launching of product, company can advertise new product with bar code. Customer scan the barcode with their smartphone, they can get free drinks with new product. Online advertising is getting normal nowadays. Therefore, company can use various form of online marketing techniques such as banner advertisements, videos or social medial to promote their product. In addition, McDonald, social responsible company so they can expand their online advertising related with social responsible. It can build a positive image in the market. Furthermore, using CRM program maintains customer relationship and loyalty. McDonald has opportunity cooperate with mobile cooperation to wider their range of customers such as customer will get free coupons when they purchase certain brands mobile. Place Malaysians are starting to seek to better quality now. McDonald should increase their outlets nearby work place, bus station, and airport. Furthermore, they should increase their location of deliver service and provide training for their employee to build a faster and better service for their customer. For the new launching product such as high quality beef burger, they initially can only available few outlets which located upper middle class area. References * V. SHANKAR GANESH and EUNICE AU, 2012. Raising retirement age. Available at: nst. com. my/top-news/raising-retirement-age-1. 94353#. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Audery Edwards, 2012. Passion for food feeds disease. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/4/15/nation/11069279sec=nation. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * The Star, 2012. Asian currencies complete quarterly gain. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/4/15/nation/11069279sec=nation [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * The Star, 2012. Minister: Economic growth stays strong. Available at: http://biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/3/26/business/10986390sec=business [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * The Star, 2012. Interest rates remain accommodative. Available at: http://biz. thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/3/21/business/20120321195459sec=business [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Joy Lee, 2012. Today’s toddlers and kids are in tune with technology. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/metro/story. asp? file=%2F2012%2F6%2F2%2Fcentral%2F11395408sec=central#. T8nYyO-wHmE. facebook [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * The Star, 2012. Report shows better quality of life in 2000-2010. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/news/story. asp? file=/2012/6/11/nation/20120611220429sec=nation. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Tan Cheng Li, 2012. Malaysians do their part to protect the environment. Available at: http://thestar. com. my/lifestyle/story. asp? file=/2011/4/22/lifefocus/8485754sec=lifefocus. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * NBC, 2012. Franchisee fee is now tax deductible in Malaysia. Available at: nbc. com. my/blog/franchise-fee-tax-deductible-in-malaysia/. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Jack Komperda, 2003. Buying Time Online. Available at: usnews. com/usnews/culture/articles/031006/6ads. htm. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] * Chantal Tode, 2012. Mcdonald’s bites into mobile CRM at over 500 locations this summer. Available at: mobilecommercedaily. com/2012/05/18/mcdonald%E2%80%99s-bites-into-mobile-crm-at-over-500-locations-this-summer. [Accessed on 19 June 2012] Appendix

Computer Forensic Examiner Field Report Case Study

Computer Forensic Examiner Field Report - Case Study Example During the process of gathering digital evidence, elaborate documentation is necessary to help identity evidence, and demonstrate policies used in the exercise. In addition, appropriate documentation is essential in the location of evidence found in a crime scene. In relation to documentation, a clear chain of custody helps determine analysts involved in handling of evidence. It also identifies the owners of evidence and persons who receive it, as well as store them (Turkey, 2008). This concept is vital in tracing the movement of evidence from one analyst to another. During a digital evidence fieldwork, an evidence custodian will keep accurate documentation of the evidence and ensure that evidence has tags and stored in secure bags ready for transport. The most vital reason for maintaining chain of custody is ensuring that digital evidence is admissible as evidence (Soloman, 2011, p.55). Concisely, the above tasks transpired during a recent digital evidence fieldwork where I was call ed to identify, secure, and preserve digital evidence from a suspected corporate user. Observation Last week on 25 November 2012, our department received a request to from a local media firm for a digital evidence analysis. ... The room had several other pieces of computer hardware such as servers, switches, and network cables. There were some shelves on the right with some five computers. The administrator, who was showing us the computers, pointed at the computers and told us that the suspect used one of the computers. Seeing that we had room to use for the investigation, I agreed with Dorothy what we could carry identify the evidence on it. First, we asked the network administrator to help us identify the suspect computer. To do this, we asked network administrator to produce a list of IP address and associated MAC addresses during the period when the crime is believed to have occurred. Being that the he had prior records, we had the Mac address of the suspect computer, 00:80:R2:45:F7:67. We booted all the computers and indented the computer with the above MAC address. Dorothy documented the model of the computer and the serial number she found underneath the computer. Evidence collection Being that the owner of the computers—the media firm—we were ready to begin collecting evidence of the alleged CP, which was a crime and against the policies of the firm. First, we ensured that no one was around the computer alone except for Dorothy and I as we did not want any disturbance. We opened the computer and using our tools, we run some applications to check if there was any evidence of CP in the suspect computer. The first tool that we used was Retriever, which searched the entire hard drive and located child pornography material in the disk drive. The computer had several files and links of child pornography in the internet history and browser cookies. We did document what the retriever software displayed as the search result. Moreover,

Development of My Interest in Business Economics Personal Statement - 2

Development of My Interest in Business Economics - Personal Statement Example Availability of land and water, and the region’s blue mountains and waters identify agricultural opportunities tourist attractions. The locality, however, has been isolated from the rest of the world and this informed and motivated me to improve it. My experience from my community and from cities such as Hong Kong and others around the world has also influenced personal and professional goals and determined my choice for business economics as a major. I lived in Wuyuan for the first ten years of my life and witnessed its economic development, which has been significant. The locality has gradually improved its interaction with the rest of the world. Economic activities have emerged and grown, an occurrence that has informed me on the power of economic reforms. Interaction with economic development in Hong Kong, however, challenged me because of its rapid pace and power. It shocked me and influenced my desire to initiate and influence economic development, first for myself and then in my community. My volunteer work experience also identifies my passion for my community. I have been volunteering in USC Pacific Asia Museum on the second Sunday of each month for the last few years. This has informed me on Asian history that I have also taught children. I am also a member of John Chinese Young Volunteers Association. At Pasadena City College, I am a member of business club, economics club, global club, Helping Hands Club and International Socialist Organization club in which I share my ideas on communal empowerment. As part of my community initiative, I will send some clothing, together with defective ones to needy children in rural China, especially orphans. My entrepreneurial experience and growth are my most important accomplishment. It began as a passion but success followed, and it has shaped my academic and professional goals.

Why English Colonization Never Succeeded Roanoke Research Paper

Why English Colonization Never Succeeded Roanoke - Research Paper Example Spain was on the lead during that time especially in colonizing the West in lieu of propagating the Catholic faith and cramming for the western abundance making them even more powerful in their pursuit of colonizing as many lands as they can. On the other hand, Anglican England would never settle the dispute against Spain but rather made a way in pursuit of finding a new Eden in the western land in finding abundance the same way Spain was having. Hence, on March 25 of 1584, Walter Ralegh secured from Queen Elizabeth a patent which granted him the exclusive right to establish a colony in remote and heathen barbarous lands, countries and territories that were not actually possessed by any Christian prince or inhabited by Christian people.1 In pursuit of a great land that would suffice the criteria that the English monarchy had been looking for, England had set forth a mission to scout for a land that fitted the criteria. As a first step toward pursuing this grand ambition in finding a new settlement in the west, Ralegh commissioned Arthur Barlowe and Philip Amadas to scout a location for the settlement and have found Roanoke Island to be promising with its great and untouched abundance. Roanoke was thought to be perfect and was chosen because it offered protection from Spanish assaults and at the same time it could cradle as a base for launching raids that they had been pursuing for some time to raid Spanish ships and rob them of the good materials they carried. Many great things were written about Roanoke especially by the early colonial settlers that had reached the island. They thought that they successfully penetrated the island but the first land was far from what they expected. The colonizing pursuit never came into realization though no obvious resentment was made by the natives at first because the English colonizers took the process abruptly and dominatingly hurried up to surpass the Spaniards as things were not made with plan but with urge that ignited two different worlds living in misunderstanding and with barriers. Ralph Lane describes Roanoke as having the goodliest soil under the scope of heaven, which is abundant with sweet trees that bring sundry rich and most pleasant fruits compared to Europe’s France, Italy and Spain. Moreover, Lane described it had many sorts of apothecary drugs and food resources such as wheat. Early colonists such as Lane were easily so blinded by the land greatness that they described it as a land of unknown greatness due to the many discoveries that they made during their first step into the savage land. Due to its geographical location and difference from Europe, the climate was very different and was found to be amazing. They found a land of great abundance but claimed that that abundance was hidden from its use since savages resided at the place that they described as being courteous and eager to have clothes rather than silk.2 The early and original settlers of Roanoke before the coloniza tion attempts were Native American Indians. And the whole island was not just actually under one rule with different groups, but with a set of different leaders that did not follow one particular rule. Though the first step of the European colonizers came out well with the first natives that they saw upon touching the grounds of the newly found land, this accommodation did not imply the totality of the native Indians dwelling in the island. The native settlers were likewise awestruck by the coming of foreign strangers and were also amazed by the abundance the outsiders brought in the island, which they had never seen before. Trade instantly came into place as

The Healthcare Delivery System Nursing Essay

The Healthcare Delivery System Nursing Essay What does it mean to be a leader. According to Forbes Magazine, a leader is someone that isnt afraid to take the initiative to act. A leader is not only there during good times, but also in times of need and hardship. Whenever there are big changes that must take place, a leader is never afraid and instead will look at this as an opportunity to improve the old ways. There are many challenges a leader must face, especially in healthcare. Being ready and having contingency plans for every possible situation is what can set apart a leader from the rest. The Healthcare Delivery System The health care delivery system or simply health system is a combination people, health care organizations, and all their resources that aim to deliver professional quality care to different target population (Hackbarth, 2009). According to the Institute of Medicine (IOM) on their consensus report, the health care delivery system will need to achieve better performance on the following six dimensions to be improved: Safety Avoid doing harm to patients. Effectiveness Use of evidenced-base practice instead of unproven methods. Patient-centeredness Respect and involve patients in their care. Timeliness Treatment given without delays. Efficiency Maximizing results with lowest required resources. Equity Equality of all people in receiving health care. (AmericanProgress.org, 2008) The nurse leader can use the previous six dimensions defined by IOM as a guideline in times of change to reform the healthcare delivery system for the better. Leaders versus Managers Managers can be leaders but not all leaders can be managers. A person can become a leader based on personality, knowledge, and expertise. A manager is often a position given by a higher authority. Since it is a position that is assigned, it is more stable while being a leader is often only temporary. The main concern of a manager is the goal of the company or the organization. The leaders main concern is the satisfaction and goals of group members. A leader doesnt need to have a managerial position to be able to act as a leader. In contrast, a manager often requires leadership traits to function as a good manager (Finkelman, 2011). Transformational Leadership The idea behind transformational leadership is to create a leader that can easily adapt to changes and also empower the staff at the same time. This type of leader goes beyond just teaching staff of their role within the organization, but also able to influence others to be independent of their own thinking on how to further improve the organization to the extent of even taking risks (Finkelman, 2011). The Institute of Medicine (IOM) recommends five core health care profession competencies to use as a framework to focus on improving care. They are as follows: Care is focused on the patient Collaborate with other academic disciplines teams Use of evidenced-based practice Improve quality application Use of informatics (Finkelman, 2011) With so many changes that need to take place on these five core health profession competencies to improve health care, a transformational leader will indeed be required since such a leader should have an easier time adapting to change. This leader will need to show exceptional knowledge in these areas and be able to apply that knowledge on his practice while empowering others. Even a transformational leader has its flaws. If such a leader proves to be unsuccessful, it is usually due to one or more of the following errors: Lack of sense of urgency Lack of a guiding coalition Lack of a vision Lack of communication about the vision Lack of removals of barriers to the vision Lack of systematic planning Declaring a victory to soon Lack of recognition of organization culture (Finkelman, 2011) There are different ways a transformational leader can overcome these errors. For the lack of sense of urgency, a leader needs to have a strong determination to complete the tasks required to finish the job in time. It doesnt matter how small a step must be taken as long as it leads to moving forward as soon as possible (Kotter, 2008). Lack of a guiding coalition can be resolved by acquiring more information that can be used to set the correct course of action. This can be done by the leader by gathering his team and discussing his findings and plans for the change. The leader should also prepare plans on how to handle communication barriers such as lack of vision, systematic planning, and communication. This plan can involve creating a focus group that will enable team members to voice their opinions and concerns as well as their achievements. This can also be an opportunity to share ideas on how to improve. Using questions that provoke honest answers that can also be used to evalua te how the team feels. No matter how sure a leader is, declaring a victory to soon should be shunned upon. It might raise the morale of the people but the aftereffects of failure or loss will be much more devastating compared to not declaring victory too early. A smart leader will be patient and will avoid making claims without backing it up. Finally, lack of recognition by the organization to its people or employees could cause feeling of un-appreciation-that no matter how much hard a person work, his achievements will never be recognized. One way to solve this by the leader is to form some sort of award system that will recognize employees that excelled in their field. This could be a monthly thing such as an employee of the month award or something especial like recognition award of how an employee excelled on something that benefited the organization. Whatever the case may be, its a good idea to reward employees that do well. This doesnt only keep their morale high but also make s them feel appreciated and important which often result in more productivity at work (Entrepreneur.com, 2011). Competencies of an Effective Leader The two most important competencies I have selected for an effective leader are as follows: Work in interdisciplinary teams Utilizing Informatics The other competencies are also important but both of the above are increasingly becoming more so in our current and most likely future health care system. The health field is composed of several interdisciplinary sciences that each having their own expertise. A kind of leader that doesnt limit himself to one branch of health care and is willing to collaborate with other professionals is not only wise but puts the leader in a great advantage especially because of the information he can utilize in making good decisions. In my own opinion, being able to know where to get information on how to accomplish what is intended is usually a better trait than trying to shoulder it all. Along with utilizing information is informatics-a field in science where information is processed, managed, and retrieved mostly by the use of computers. An example of this is the Health Information Technology (HIT) that will be critical in implementing this system of managing health care delivery (RWJ Foundation, 2011). With the advancement in technology for the past 10 years, it will be unwise for any leader not to learn and take advantage of information technology. Even nursing has a new field now called nursing informatics where nursing and computer science meets. Informatics has become relevant to nursing now more than ever. Almost every information known to man are now is being computerized and stored in big computer databases. Even in hospitals, from MARs to TARs, to patient records, discharge plans, care plans, etc. all are being automated and stored in computers. Hospitals everywhere and even other companies have a motto of going paperless in the future. It will be obvious t o any effective and competent nurse leader that learning informatics is a necessity (Salsali, 2010). There was a study done in Ireland to find out leadership development needs. The study is done on nurses and midwives back in 2009 using a random sample of over 2000 all across different departments and divisions. The purpose of the study is to describe the clinical leadership of these nurses. The leadership needs was measured using a questionnaire called CLAN-Q or Clinical Leadership Analysis of Need Questionnaire that was developed by the people conducting the research. According to CLAN-Q results, there are five main areas of clinical development needs for a leader and they are as follows: Managing the clinical area Managing patient care Developing oneself as an individual Developing the profession Skills for clinical leadership Obviously, a nurse leader needs to learn how to manage the clinical area. This can involve coordinating care and identifying care priorities. Being a patient advocate and protecting their privacy falls down to managing patient care. A nurse leader should also be aware of his/her limits by knowing his/her own strength and weaknesses developing into a better individual. Participating in professional gatherings or seminars relating to ones own profession can also further develop it. Lastly, empowering others and learning how to adapt to changes are necessary skills for a leader (Casey, 2012). I believe including the above five areas in manager and leadership development programs will prepare them better in becoming good managers and leaders. Summary Being a manager or a leader is not an easy task. Not only there are so many things a manager or leader should learn, but also there are a lot that they have to teach others. There are types of leaders that can be good in one department but not so much on others. There are also errors or mistakes a leader can make. But no matter what kind of leader or manager a person is, learning from past mistakes and pursuing for improvement are qualities not only ideal for leaders and managers, but also to an individual.

Impact of The Great War for Empire in Europe :: European Europe History

Impact of The Great War for Empire in Europe The Great War for Empire was one of the most important factors in shaping the economic and political futures for all of Europe in the eighteenth century and for all time to come. In this essay I will discuss the causes, the events, and finally the results of this important war, which consisted of the War of Austrian Succession and the Seven Years' War. The War of the Austrian Succession began as King Frederick II gained the throne to Prussia, and in less than a year ordered his troops to take and occupy the large Austrian province of Silesia. The leader of Austria was Maria Theresa; Although she was an inexperienced leader, she was capable of arousing other groups (like the Magyars of Hungary) to help her not re-take Silesia, but to maintain the Hapsburg dynasty as a major political power. France was also one of these powers to fight, they did not want a powerful army to emerge in Prussia and to ever become an strong enemy (ironically, that's just what happens). The wealthy British merchants pushed England to financially assist the Prussian aggressors, in the hope of weakening France and winning other fights off-continent. The causes which led up to the Seven Years' War, were very similar to those just eight years previously. King Frederick invaded another province, Saxony, and this triggered another alliance between Austria and France with the goal to totally destroy Prussia. There was also a growing conflict facing France and Great Britain that would continue to increase in momentum. This war was the prelude to what American would call "The French and Indian War" in which these two European countries would fight for land in the Americas. The events of the War of Austrian Succession, fortuitously for France, worked out exactly as Great Britain planned it. The French resources of war were divided between the Americas and the fight against Prussia. The eight year war was a fight between the superior army and resources of Great Britain and the strategic mastery of French generals, like Marshal Maurice de Saxe, who led many successful battles. The war eventually ended in a stalemate, with Austria not regaining Silesia, but it definitely proven itself able to fend off any other battles from Prussia--thanks to Great Britain's help. The war brought to a peace by the Treaty of Aix-la- Chapelle. In the Seven Years' War, the issues was simply the survival of Prussia,

Critique Nursing

Essay preview The purpose of this assignment is to critique and evaluate the chosen article in terms of strengths and weaknesses, to demonstrate an understanding of the research process. According to Polit and Beck (2004) the aim of critically appraising an article is an attempt to determine its strengths and limitations. Therefore, the research critique should reflect an objective and balanced consideration of the study's validity and significance (Polit and Hungler 1999). The task of critiquing is, according to Lo Biondo-Wood and Harber (2006) a challenging one and can only be effectively achieved through much practice and skill.For the purpose of this critique, the frameworks of Parahoo (1997) and Polit and Hungler (1999) have been used as a guide. This will assist in producing an organised sub-headed piece of work. Title The title of an article is the first part of a study to be encountered and Parahoo (1997) states that a title should draw the reader's attention to the precise a rea of study and make reference to the population from whom the data is collected. Cormack (2000) and Marshall and Kelly (2007) agree, stating a title should be concise and reflect the content of the study.The chosen article is titled ‘Perceived barriers and facilitators to implementing research findings in the Irish practice setting'. This title utilised by Glacken and Chaney is concise, consisting of 13 words in bold print. Rumrill et al (2000) state that a standard length title is 12 – 15 words. However, the title does not reflect the population of the sample group i. e. Registered Nurses. Although the title still provides insight into what the article is trying to accomplish. Author(s) According to Cormack (2000) researchers must be qualified to commence a esearch study. The researchers qualification and credentials in the article are clearly stated and easy to find. They both have initials after their names, one of which has a PHD, which indicate that they have an educational background. A search using Glacken and Chaney using the ProQuest database identifies several published articles by Glacken. According to Lo Biondo-Wood and Harber (2002) this enhances the credibility of a study placing confidence in the findings. The article was submitted for publication on the 1st July 2003 and was accepted on the 9th January 2004.This illustrates that it was still relevantly recent and not dated when published which could have posed questions regarding validity and reliability. â€Å"The Journal of Clinical Nursing† has published the article. This also adds to the credibility of the research study, as all published articles are double bind peer reviewed. Abstract The purpose of the abstract is to provide a short comprehensive synopsis of an article (Rumrill et al 2000). According to Parahoo (1997) it should quickly focus the reader's attention on the main points of the study.Langford (2001) also states that a well-presented abstract should be ac curate, self-contained and readable. This abstract gives a brief summary of the study and within the first few lines identifies what the study is trying to achieve – to ascertain what registered nurses perceive as barriers to the utilisation of research findings and discover what they perceive would facilitate the implementation of these findings. The remainder of the abstract provides a summary of approach (cross-sectional survey), the population (registered nurses) and overall findings.One limitation noted is that the researchers do not give the exact sample size in the abstract. By reading this summary it is believed that the reader would be able to make an informed choice about the relevance of the article for their purpose. The keywords used within the abstract were – barriers, clinical practice, facilitators, Republic of Ireland, utilisation. It is vital that researchers choose appropriate keywords for their articles in order to aid literature searching through d atabases (Webb 2005).The keywords used by Glacken and Chaney are all relevant to the research study. Introduction The purpose of the introductory section is to clearly identify the problem and give a rationale for the study been carried out (Cormack 2000). Poilt and Hungler (1999) agree by stating that the introduction should explain the research problem and why the study is important, worthwhile and relevant. Russell (2004) also states that the introduction should thoroughly describe the background of the research problem so that the need for the study is apparent.The introduction given by Glacken and Chaney builds a cause from existing literature that the problem is of adequate value to justify further research. The author of this critique believes the research problem is in the last sentence of the introduction. It states that there are many difficulties involved in achieving evidence – based practice and many barriers that may impede research utilisation. If this is in fa ct the research problem, the researchers comply with Russell's (2004) recommendation that the research problem should flow directly from the introduction and conclude this section.However one would feel that this introduction deals more with the importance of research rather than explaining that the remainder of the article will focus on the barriers that impede research. According to Cormack (2000) an introduction should also state the study's limitations. This particular introduction does not make the study's limitations explicit to the reader. Literature Review/Background According to Parahoo (1997) a literature review serves to put the current study into the context of what is already known about the subject.Cormack (2000) states that the literature review is a critical review of previous literature relating to the research topic. Therefore this section aims to provide the reader with an understanding of what the current state of evidence is in the selected area of study. This r eview is organised by heading that correspond to the key study concepts, which makes the review easy to follow. The researchers attempt to review previous studies relating to the topic, thus preparing the ground for new research. The studies presented highlight the significance of the problem under investigation.It was difficult to identify the exact research question, as there was no definite question asked. Although Valente (2003) states that sometimes researchers may hide the research question within the purpose of the study. The final statement of the literature review is therefore the purpose of this study – ‘it is timely that perceived barriers†¦ are identified and acknowledged'. Therefore as you read the review it moves from broad to specific relevance with the last section of the review clearly outlining the need for the study. Due to the article been published in 2004, it is expected that the references used will be relevantly recent.From reading the refer ence list, it can be seen that this is the case and only three references before 1994 have been used. There was a need for these older references as the original author who employed the Barriers scale did so in 1991 and the purpose of the 1978 reference was to illustrate that access to research reports has been a problem for many years. Also noted is that the articles included in the reference list are clearly related to the topic under study and include international resources, all nursing – related. http://repository. uwc. ac. a/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10566/308/RoweBlendedLearning2012. pdf? sequence=3 Method According to Polit and Hungler (1999) the heart of the research critique is the analysis of the methodology decisions adopted in addressing the research question. Cormack (2000) suggests the method section should clearly state the research approach to be used and asks whether the method is appropriate to the research problem and whether the strengths and limitations of the approach are stated. Although not written in text it is clearly pointed out that the article is of a quantitative approach.Burns and Groves (1997) describe quantitative research as a method used to gain more information, test relationships and uses numeric data to answer problems. In reviewing the methodology section which is under the subheading â€Å"Methods†, the researchers clearly demonstrate that the design method is a cross – sectional survey using a non – probability sample. According to Polit and Hungler (1999) a cross – sectional design involves the collection of data at one point in time. This descriptive study uses the established 29 – item Barriers 5 point Likert scale, after firstly gaining permission from the main author to employ the instrument – S.Funk. Therefore a strength of this article is related to the measurement tool. The researchers used an already developed measurement device in which the reliability of the tool would have been determined. They reinforce this fact by saying that the scale is recognised to be psychometrically robust. A further quantitative research tool – a questionnaire, was selected as the method to solicit opinions regarding the barriers to research. Cormack (2000) believes that questionnaires are the most widely used method of collecting data.However he recognises that if participants are aware that they are partaking in a study, it is natural that they might alter their response – the Hawthorne Effect (Cormack 2000). The researchers do not state how they minimised this Hawthorne Effect. In addition to the questionnaire, a demographic information sheet was utilised. This is in line with a descriptive design, as the purpose of such is to gain more information about the characteristics of a group (Vitale 2003). The research participants were a convenience sample of registered nurses who enrolled in a nursing focused academic course in Trinity College, Dublin .All who enrolled were invited to participate in the study. However the recruitment process is not described in much detail. It is not until the Findings section that the size of the sample is revealed – 169 participants responded. According to Thompson (1999) the sample size in quantitative research is preferably a large sample. Vitale (2003) states that the general rule regarding sample size is ‘sample error decreases as sample size increases'. It is harder to generalise a sample of this size. It is recognised by the researchers in the Discussion section that the particular mode of sampling employed may introduce bias into the findings.This may result in the findings becoming less reliable. A limitation noted in the method design used by the researchers was the lack of an explicit framework. The researchers did not identify if they used one. When researching the other studies that used the Barriers scale the vast majority used a framework. Ethical Consideration Ethics is an important part of nursing and nursing research. It is about researchers doing what is fair, decent and moral and is underpinned by values and believes of the community (Crookes and Davies 2004).There is no designated section allocated to ethical considerations, however Hek (1996) states that ethical issues may be integrated throughout the article. This article addresses ethical issues in both the abstract and under the method section. The researchers clarify that the ethical issues of a persons right not to be harmed, right of full disclosure, right of self-determination, right of privacy and confidentiality were respected. According to the researcher all participants provided their consent to the study by the returning of the completed questionnaire.Consent is vital as it respects the autonomy of individuals, their right to privacy and their right to choose (Tingle and Cribb 2002). Results Cormack (2000) states that the results should be presented clearly and in enough detai l so that the reader is able to judge how reliable the findings are. Polit and Beck (2004) agree by stating that the most critical element of any study is getting your results across and understood by your readers. Valente (2003) believes that the researchers should repeat the research question before delving into the findings.The researchers in this case presented the data in succinct form with little discussion at the start, but organise their findings under subheadings. According to Russell (2004) researchers frequently organise their findings by research question to facilitate readability. The aim was to quantify the barriers to research implementation. The authors of this article present their findings systematically, utilising a variety of graphs and tables. Figure 1 shows a graph depicting that 38% of the participants consulted journals more than twice a month.Table 1 presents the barriers to research utilisation in descending order of importance. Results were also explained and summarised alongside which according to Clifford (1997) is a form of descriptive statistics. According to Russell (2004) if a descriptive design was used the reader should find descriptive statistics such as mean, mode, median and standard deviation. All these statistics are included within the results section. The target audience (professional nurses) are more than likely to be able to interpret the figures within each table and, thus, judge hoe reliable the results are.It is important that results are presented in such a way that they are clearly understood (Cormack 2000). Parahoo (1997) is an advocate of comparing results with other similar studies. The researchers adopted this style and compared the top 10 barriers with those found in three recent studies (Table 3). The researchers showed their findings to be very similar with the studies undertaken in both Northern Ireland and Australia. Discussion/Conclusion The discussion section should flow from the data results and plac e the study's findings in context with what is already known (Parahoo 1997).Valente (2003) believes that under this section the researchers should summarise their major findings and conclude their application to practice, research, and theory and knowledge development. The researchers state that this section will discuss the findings in comparison with other studies undertaken. Valente (2003) states that author(s) should compare and contrast their results with other studies and interpret the findings. The discussion is unambiguous and supported by the results obtained. Again the researchers used subheadings to ease readability. There are many implications to practice identified by the researchers.According to Valente (2003) implications should describe how the results of the study could be applied to nursing practice. For example the researchers discovered that their study and many other studies identified nurses' perceived lack of authority as the most common barrier to research. T herefore they exposed a need to implement some change into the organisational setting. Also, more support from managers was noted to be the top ranked facilitator of research implementation. The researchers also suggest a further research study, which would explore the reasons why nurses do not access research journals on a regular basis. General ImpressionOverall the article was interesting with clear aims and use of methodology. It was quite simple to interpret and has provided interesting fact regarding this topic. The study contains few flaws and represents a valid example of descriptive quantitative research. The results have addressed the aims of the study and are both informative and descriptive. It is recommended that it should contain a section of ethical consideration however the ethical issues are evident throughout the article. In the introduction the article stresses the importance of research in nursing and health care. This builds a good case for continuing the study. Research is an essential part of every nurse's role. But as this study revealed there are many barriers for nurses to overcome to properly utilise and implement research. This study has brought these barriers to the foreground and identified ways to overcome them. The findings were interesting, although it might become more reliable if the study was replicated using a larger, random sample group. The top ranked barrier to research utilisation was surprising to read, as it was made known to be nurses' perceived lack of authority. The article was very good overall and a lot of interesting facts emerged from the study. References

Awakening Eyes essays

Awakening Eyes essays With few exceptions, our male dominated society has traditionally feared, repressed, and stymied the growth of women. As exemplified in history, man has always enjoyed a superior position. According to Genesis in the Old Testament, the fact that man was created first has led to the perception that man should rule. However, since woman was created from mans rib, there is a strong argument that woman was meant to work along side with man as an equal partner. As James Weldon Johnsons poem, Behold de Rib, clearly illustrates, if God had intended for woman to be dominated, then she would have been created from a bone in the foot, but he took de bone out of his side/ So dat places de woman beside us (qtd. in Wall 378). Still, men have continued to make women submissive to them while usurping their identities in the process: [s]elf-determination is a mark of adulthood for American males; for American females of the nineteenth and part of the twentieth century, self-determination was neither expected nor encouraged (Leder 104). However, not all women were intimidated by the stereotypical expectations imposed by the social norms of their era. Defying their traditional roles, Kate Chopin and Zora Neale Hurston wrote The Awakening and Their Eyes Were Watching God, respectively; in each work a woman reaches independence and freedom by overcoming male dominance in her relationships. Chopins protagonist, Edna, and Hurstons feminist, Janie, discover that through their radical attempt to be free...the struggle for freedom is not linear but dialectic; the price of change is doubleness, and out of contradiction emerges a new self-a self that is determined, dominant, and, most importantly, free (qtd. in Dyer 116). The first indications of emancipation are evidenced by Edna and Janies first marriages. Edna weds Leonce Pontellier, a Creole, to retaliate against h...

Richard Owen - A Profile of the Famous Paleontologist

Richard Owen - A Profile of the Famous Paleontologist Name: Richard Owen Born/Died: 1804-1892 Nationality: British Dinosaurs Named: Cetiosaurus, Massospondylus, Polacanthus, Scelidosaurus, among numerous others About Richard Owen Richard Owen wasnt a fossil hunter, but a comparative anatomistand he was far from the most likeable person in the history of paleontology. Throughout his long career in 19th-century England, Owen had a tendency to dismiss or ignore the contributions of other scientists, preferring to claim all the credit for himself (and he was, it must be said, a very talented, insightful and accomplished naturalist). This was even the case with his most famous contribution to paleontology, his invention of the word dinosaur (terrible lizard), which was inspired in part by the discovery of Iguanodon by Gideon Mantell (who later said of Owen that it was a pity a man so talented should be so dastardly and envious.) As he became increasingly prominent in paleontological circles, Owens treatment of other professional, especially  Mantell, became even more mean-spirited. He renamed (and took credit for discovering) some of the dinosaur fossils Mantell had unearthed, he prevented many of Mantells posthumous research papers from ever being published, and he was even widely believed to have written a scornful ananomyous obituary of Mantell upon the latters death in 1852. The same pattern repeated itself (with less success on Owens part) with Charles Darwin, whose theory of evolution Owen mistrusted and was probably envious of. ​After the publication of Darwins seminal book On the Origin of Species, Owen became involved in an ongoing debate with the evolutionary popularizer and Darwin supporter Thomas Henry Huxley. ​Unable to let go of the idea of animal archetypes ordained by god to vary only within tight constraints, Owen ridiculed Huxley for the idea that humans evolved from apes, while Huxley defended Darwins theory by (for instance) pointing out similar substructures in human and simian brains. Owen even went so far as to imply that the French Revolution was a direct consequence of the theory of evolution, as humans abandoned the natural order of things and embraced anarchy. Darwin, as always, had the last laugh: in 2009, the London Natural History Museum, of which Owen was the first director, retired his statue in the main hall and put up one of Darwin instead! Although Owen is most famous for coining the word dinosaur, these ancient reptiles of the Mesozoic Era account for a relatively small percentage of his career output (which makes sense, since the only known dinosaurs at the time, beside Iguanodon, were Megalosaurus and Hylaeosaurus). Owen was also notable for being the first paleontologist to investigate the strange, mammal-like therapsids of southern Africa (especially the two-dog-toothed Dicynodon), and he wrote a famous paper about the recently discovered Archaeopteryx; he also actively researched more ordinary animals like birds, fish and mammals in a veritable flood of professional publications.

Same sex marriage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Same sex marriage - Essay Example Therefore, in regards to marriage, the Biblical teaching holds that a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined with his wife, forming one flesh (Genesis. 2:24). From the Christian teachings, it is apparent that God created man and woman to enjoy heterosexual sexual relationship, in the institution of marriage. This paper discusses reasons why same sex marriages should not be legalized. Christian teachings are replete with many incidents of deviant sexual behaviors including sodomy, incest, bestiality, rape, pedophile among others. The Bible documents God’s objection to same sex through Lot in Genesis 19: 3-14. According to Genesis 19, Lot a resident Sodom was one day approached by two men who wanted to have same sex with the Lot’s visitors. The man wanted to sodomize guests in Lot’s house so that they could save Sodom and Lot’s household from an imminent destruction. However, Lot rejected their demand and instead, he offered his two virgin daugh ters to the men. God came to the rescue of Lot and his family before the men could break his house and have sex with Lot’s daughters. That very night, God guided Lot and his family escaped to safer place. Sodom and Gomorrah was destroyed the following day, by falling fire and burning sulfur (Genesis, 19, 27). It is worth noting that God abhorred same sex and other deviant sexual behaviors in Sodom that He ordered Lot and his wife not to look back to the city as they fled to a safe place that God ordered them to flee to. However, Lot’s wife did not heed God’s command and when she turned back to face Sodom, she became a salt pillar (Genesis 19: 28). From the religious point of view, it is apparent that same sex marriage and sex is forbidden. In Christianity, the catholic denomination is particularly intolerant of the union between same sex couples in a marriage. According to Catechism of the Catholic Church (1613), homosexual actions are regarded as â€Å"intrins ically disordered† because they contradict with the natural law, inhabiting the gift of life through sexual intercourse. In addition, homosexual actions do not arise from genuine affection and sexual compatibility. In this case, the church recommends that under no circumstances should homosexuality be permitted in the society. Therefore, the church argues that legalizing same sex marriage would be harmful to the society (Catechism of the Catholic Church, 1613). In context to family system and same sex marriage, many studies on marriages have established that families made of heterosexual couples are happier, healthier and have better economic standing (Linda and Maggie, 2001). Moreover, empirical studies have established that unmarried women are more likely to die than married women are, while the probability of unmarried man dying is five times to that of their married counterparts of the same age (Howard and Gary 1995). In this respect, marriage is a key public health issue, which results to adverse health effects if it is not established on the right foundation. In the family system, Yuanreng and Noreen (1990) argue that heterosexual marriage results into complementarities, that is absent in same sexual marriages. There are many differences between men and women and these diversities are complementary. These differences have a profound spiritual and physical importance and without complementarity between man and women,

Hackers Tools and Techniques Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Hackers Tools and Techniques - Term Paper Example Hackers gain access to vulnerabilities through tools such as malware and locate the backup of the system. PayPal is a web-based application which provides secure transfer of funds between members. It uses advanced fraud prevention technologies to enhance the security of the transactions (SearchSoa, 2005). Nevertheless, the members do receive spoof mails and unless the members are aware of such mails, they become easy prey to such hacking techniques. While it has become essential to keep tab on the professional hackers, the banks are facing huge losses due to constant evolvement of the hacking tools and techniques. The malicious hacker will use whatever information available to them. The security professionals, in turn, need to keep abreast of the latest hacking tools by monitoring certain websites of researchers (Skoudis, 2003). It is hence proposed to conduct a study into the hacking tools used by the hackers in the banking and financial services industry, with focus on PayPal. The study would also look into the security strategy employed by the sector and particularly by PayPal. SearchSecurity. (2009). Hacker attack techniques and tactics: Understanding hacking strategies. Retrieved September 8, 2010 from