Microeconomics Models of Oligopoly

The Importance of Air Transport to Global Trade

Tocquevilles Concept of Social Reciprocity in the Democratic Age - Essay Example Tocqueville accepted that to flourish inside majority rules system, commonwealths require residents who are profoundly participatory, who are locked in municipally, and who have shaped close securities with each other. From this connection, he estimates that urban commitment instructs individuals to be helpful, which, thus, influences the body politic, cultivating vote based system. In this way, in Tocqueville's view, political/city interest isn't just the sign of the satisfaction of citizenship commitments yet is the reason for individual and social improvement. Tocqueville makes a big deal about the overflow impacts of political support and social correspondence. He perceives that political support has the ability to make a functioning populace equipped for arranging most circles of social (and, along these lines, monetary) life. The culmination of this view is that the participatory residents of this sort of social/business framework will, of need, take an interest in political life. In his view, there is, at any rate, the potential for a kind of sociopolitical beneficial interaction. Tocqueville expresses that the key condition basic American vote based system is fairness; it is the fundamental actuality from which all others appear to be determined. This social balance didn't exist in highborn Europe. The privileged, despite the fact that declining, despite everything had extensive force. In the privileged social and political force depended on name and birth. Respectability, political impact, and riches could be given starting with one age then onto the next. Social classes were fixed, and it was uncommon for an individual to climb in social class. This absence of social fairness kept popular government from grabbing hold in Europe. In the United States, there was no privileged or unbending social classes, rather there was balance (with the exception of, obviously, in the event that you happened to be a lady or a slave). As indicated by Tocqueville, this correspondence of conditions filled in as a core value of American majority rule government. A great part of the writing in Tocqueville's work archives how the numerous patterns of social and political life, for example, the affinity to shape affiliations comes from the correspondence of condition as he portrays it. He sees cooperation (explicitly, the arrangement of private relationship) as the chief methods by which a people may grow by and by, mentally, and, by augmentation, socially. Tocqueville sees the bunch affiliations framed by Americans as a well-suited representation of the possibility of individual advantage being steady with social advantage. Tocqueville sees that, among their members, affiliations cultivate getting, collaboration, solidarity, and a readiness to partake in political undertakings: Among equitable people groups affiliations must replace the ground-breaking private people whom equity of conditions has dispensed with. When a few Americans have considered an assessment or a thought that they need to deliver before the world, they search each other out, and when discovered, they join together. Thereupon they are not, at this point segregated people, yet a force obvious from the separation whose activity fill in for instance; when it talks, men tune in. (Tocqueville 517) As indicated by

Step by Step Guide on How to Write A Critique By Experts

Step by Step Guide on How to Write A Critique By Experts In this blog, we are going to explore the step by step guide on how to write a critique by experts:- What is Critique? Summary What is Critique?How to write a critiqueThe Purpose of a CritiqueFunction of CritiqueSteps to write effective critiqueMain features of a critiqueIntroductionCritical evaluationKey findingConclusionReference listConclusion The critique discusses a specific writing style that needs an individual to be involved in the evaluation of an authors ideas and critical identification. This evaluation requirements to be both in a positive in addition to negative context. Writing a critique contains more than pointing out faults. It includes conducting a methodical analysis of a scholarly article or book and then writing a reasonable and fair description of its weaknesses and strengths. Numerous scholarly journals take published directors for critiquing other peoples work in their academic area. How to write a critique Earlier start the writing of critique, it is significant to have a methodical thoughtful of the work that will be critiqued. Develop a thoughtful of the primary purpose or argument being communicated in work.Create notes on the main parts of the work.Study how the work communicates to a broader problem or context.The work-study under discussion. There are many methods to a critique structure. You must always check the unit resources or blackboard site for guidance from the lecturer. The Purpose of a Critique A critique is a logical way of objectively reviewing a part of research to highlight both its weaknesses and strengths, and its applicability to repetition. Professionals often necessity to be capable of identifying the best present practice, and the ability to estimate and use published research is critical in achieving this critique. Function of Critique Critiques differ widely, ranging from giving books review, as these reviews may define whether a book is successful in being general or not, to articles rhetorical analysis and pieces of artwork. Its advantage is that, even though negative criticism and reviews, several books success commercial success. Though most critiques are beneficial, as they help increase the works of authors. Steps to write effective critique A critique is commonly written in response to creative work, such as an original, a film, poetry, or an image.Laying the GroundworkWriting the Introductory ParagraphProvide the necessary work information: The first paragraph provides the introduction of your work, and you must provide the necessary information about it in this paragraph.Summarize the main points of the work: Define, briefly, how the main points are complete. Main features of a critique Introduction The introduction is the main feature of the critique. It provides complete information about your paper topics. Name the work being checked, the date it was created, and the creator/ author title. In addition, define the works principal claim or intent. Explain the context of the development of the job. Consume a final sentence explaining what your work assessment will be. This part explains the overview of the paper. In which defines the all topic overview related to the paper. Moreover, the introduction describes the primary work purpose or main work argument. Critical evaluation This section must give a methodical and detailed assessment of the diverse elements of the work, assessing how well the maker remained capable of achieving the determination to complete these. This evaluation is written in the logically presented and formal academic style. Key finding In this part finding the key term related to the paper. For example, your paper on project management. So you can find the term related to project management like the main role of project management, the skill of project management. And different kinds of management in the business organization for managing the business project. Conclusion It is the last part of any paper. It provides a complete recommendation for your paper: This conclusion provides the overall evaluation of your work.It is the main reason for the summery, recognized through the critical evaluation, why this estimation was designed.In various conditions, references for the development of the work can remain suitable. Reference list Reference list Include all resources cited in your critique. Check with your lecturer/tutor for which referencing style to use. Besides, you can use the reference from journal article pdf, web sites, and Google books. Conclusion Write the critique is very complicated and time-consuming. The above information is complete information about how to writing the critique. Moreover, if you are facing any problem related to writing the critique, our company is offering the best solution to your problem. So you can contact us for help regarding any paper. Furthermore, our company is offering a 24*7 hours service.

Life of a Slave Girl and Narrative of the Life of...

Author C.S. Lewis in the Horse and the Boy provided the perfect statement about slavery, â€Å"But one of the worst results of being a slave and being forced to do things is that when there is no one to force you any more you find you have almost lost the power of forcing yourself†. One of the most important aspects of anybody’s life and also thought to be the meaning of life is, for everybody to what they want when they want as long as they are not hurting anybody else. A life spent playing by somebody else’s rules is simply a life not worth living. Slavery is one of the most disgusting parts of many parts of history and violates the right that every person on this earth is entitled to, the freedom of choice. Two of the most seminal and timeless pieces of literature written about slavery, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl written by Harriet Jacobs and Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass both do a tremendous job of showing the harrowing effects of sla very. Jacobs and Douglass had to endure the hate of a society that despised their race and mistakenly encouraged the existence of slavery in society. These two stories present two different perspectives of people from the most oppressed groups in one of if not the darkest time in American history. Both stories while being incredibly dark and true to life, called for a change of the treatment of slaves and the black community and were able to show the true colors of slave owner’s warts and all. Slave owners had never beenShow MoreRelated Dreams in Song of Solomon, Narrative Frederick Douglass, Life of a Slave Girl, and Push2208 Words   |  9 PagesDreams in Song of Solomon, Narrative of Frederick Douglass, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and Push    In 1776 it was stated that our country was based upon one simple truth, That all men are created equal; that they are endowed by their creator with certain inalienable rights; that among these are life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness. Though stated with a poetic justice, this statement did not hold true for all U.S. citizens. Many citizens were held in captivity, versus freedomRead More American Dream in Song of Solomon, Narrative Frederick Douglass, Life of a Slave Girl, and Push1924 Words   |  8 PagesAmerican Dream in Song of Solomon, Narrative of Frederick Douglass, Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl, and Push   Ã‚   In an era where knowledge is power, the emphasis on literacy in African American texts is undeniable. Beginning with the first African American literary works, the slave narratives, through the canons more recent successes such as Toni Morrisons Song of Solomon and Sapphires Push, the topic of literacy is almost inextricably connected to freedom and power. A closer investigationRead MoreThe Life of A Slave Girl by Harriet A. Jacobs Essay1272 Words   |  6 PagesA slave narrative is to tell a slaves story and what they have been through. Six thousand former slaves from North America told about their lives during the 18th and 19th centuries. About 150 narratives were published as separate books or articles most slaves were born in the last years of the slave regime or during the Civil War. Some Slaves told about their experiences on plantations, in cities, and on small farms. Slave narratives are one of the only ways that people today know about the wayRead MoreEssay on O ut of the Silence1445 Words   |  6 PagesThe slave narrative genre is an important part of American history. These stories are not only portraits of individual history, but also of American history. By reading the stories of the past we can better determine the path of the future. The personal stories of Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs are two excellent examples of the slave narrative genre in American literature. To be sure, bondage and oppression had a lasting and profound effect on both genders; however, men and women experiencedRead MoreJacobs Douglass: An Insight Into The Experience of The American Slave1019 Words   |  5 PagesThe slave narratives of the ante-bellum time period have come across numerous types of themes. Much of the work concentrates on the underlining ideas beneath the stories. In the narratives, fugitives and ex-slaves appealed to the humanity they shared with their readers during these times, men being lynched and marked all over and women being the subject of grueling rapes. The slave narrative of Frederick Douglas and Harriet Jacobs: Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl themes come from the existenceRead MoreThe Life Of Frederick Douglass And The Life Of A Slave Girl1475 Words   |  6 PagesNovember 18, 2014 The Life of Frederick Douglass the Life of a Slave Girl The Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass and The Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl are both nineteenth-century narratives about Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs’s experiences born into slavery and as escaped slaves. The concept of gender makes each narrative have distinct perspectives’ of their version of what they endure during slavery and how it shapes their freedom. Even though both narratives have many similaritiesRead MoreResponse to Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass Readings1204 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Response on Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass Both Douglass and Jacobs were inspirational icons for the African-Americans in American history. Their contributions to the abolition of slavery and liberalism of the African-American race in the U.S. are very notable and important too; not only for honor but also important to American literature. They both lived during the period of the Antebellum (1820 - 1865) when the abolition of slave trade was a big issue in the country. At this timeRead MoreResponse to Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass Readings1192 Words   |  5 PagesCritical Response on Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass Both Douglass and Jacobs were inspirational icons for the African-Americans in American history. Their contributions to the abolition of slavery and liberalism of the African-American race in the U.S. are very notable and important too; not only for honor but also important to American literature. They both lived during the period of the Antebellum (1820 - 1865) when the abolition of slave trade was a big issue in the country. At this timeRead MoreBeing Raised As Slaves By Harriet Jacobs And Frederick Douglass953 Words   |  4 PagesBeing raised as slaves; both Harriet Jacobs and Frederick Douglass devoted their professional life for telling their true story based on their own experience. As a matter of fact, their works â€Å"Incidents in the Life of a Slave Girl† (1861) and â€Å"Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave† (1845) are considered the most important works in the genre of slave narrative or of enslavement. Thus, this paper will compa re and contrast between Jacobs and Douglass in terms of the aforementionedRead MoreEffects of Slavery1567 Words   |  7 PagesEffects of Slavery Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobson both write their compelling stories on what life was like as slaves during 19th century America. Both narratives define the harsh life of slavery and the unforgiving effects that occurred during their time as slaves. In the same way, both stories reveal the theme of the evils of slavery but also given their different gender roles, their experiences are completely different from one another. While both Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobson’s

The Symbolic Use of Light and Dark in James Baldwins...

The Symbolic Use of Light and Dark in James Baldwins Sonnys Blues In James Baldwins Sonnys Blues a pair of brothers try to make sense of the urban decay that surrounds and fills them. This quest to puzzle out the truth of the shadows within their hearts and on the streets takes on a great importance. Baldwin meets his audience at a halfway mark: Sonny has already fallen into drug use, and is now trying to return to a clean life with his brothers aid. The narrator must first attempt to understand and make peace with his brothers drug use before he can extend his help and heart to him. Sonny and his brother both struggle for acceptance. Sonny wants desperately to explain himself while also trying to stay afloat and out†¦show more content†¦In this instance light seems to be simply the good within a young Sonny. His brother is quickly reminded however that just as Sonnys face was once light there were shadows too. Recalling this younger Sonny forces the narrator to think of the other young boys he teaches. He connects the darkness tha t Sonny faced with the darkness and reality those other young boys live with, All they really knew were two darknesses, the darkness of their lives, which was now closing in on them, and the darkness of the movies, which had blinded them to that other darkness, and in which they now, vindictively, dreamed, at once more together than they were at any other time, and more alone, (410). Here Baldwin gives us our first sense of the pervasive nature of darkness. It is engulfing the boys without their realizing it, darkness is the wasted chances or lack of opportunity at all. The movies show the youths a fairy tale of what could be but will never happen. This darkness of what could have been keeps the young boys from attempting anything. They are together in this sentence of fate but they are also painfully alone, because nothing will ever come of them. The young boys of Harlem live in a dark reality; they do not know light and therefore cannot know hope. The narrator begins to und erstand that there is no way out of the darkness for them and no escape from the reality of drugs and crime that surrounds them. Sonny is aware of the darkness which engulfs him. HisShow MoreRelatedSymbolism in Sonnys Blues by James Baldwin Essay1286 Words   |  6 PagesSymbolism in â€Å"Sonny’s Blues† by James Baldwin In James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues,† the reader meets Sonny, a recovering addict, and his older brother, a high school teacher. Although these two brothers have completely different lives and personalities, the author’s use of symbolism brings them more tightly together like a real family. Baldwin uses symbols such as ice, lightness and darkness, and jazz music to add more depth and meaning to â€Å"Sonny’s Blues.† People usually think of ice or the coldRead MoreSonnys Blues1061 Words   |  5 PagesIn James Baldwins Sonnys Blues the symbolic motif of light and darkness illustrates the painful nature of reality the two characters face as well as the power gained through it. The darkness represents the actuality of life on the streets of the community of Harlem, where there is little escape from the reality of drugs and crime. The persistent nature of the streets lures adolescents to use drugs as a means of escaping the darkness of their lives. The main character, Sonny, a struggling jazzRead MoreThe Light and Darkness of Suffering Depicted in Sonnys Blues2446 Words   |  10 Pagespain that defines us as individuals. The question becomes do we let suffering consume us, or do we let it define our lives? Through James Baldwin’s story, â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, the manner by which one confronts the light and darkness of suffering determines whether one is consumed by it, or emb races it in order to â€Å"survive.† Viewing a collection of these motifs, James Baldwin’s unique perspective on suffering as a crucial component of human development becomes apparent. It is through his compassionate portrayalRead MoreViolence And Darkness In Sonnys Blues1027 Words   |  5 Pagesheritage. During the 1920s, jazz became a huge musical movement, especially in Harlem. This period of time is coined â€Å"The Jazz Age.† Along with being known for jazz, Harlem is also well known for its violence and being poverty ridden. James Baldwin’s â€Å"Sonny’s Blues†, is a short story about a family living in Harlem, particularly two brothers, and their struggles growing up. The narrator, also the older brother, joins the military leaving his younger brother and brother behind. During his absence

Sports Psychology Free Essays

Sport Psychology Athletes in today’s society are bigger, stronger, and faster than ever before but they still share the same goals as their predecessors, climb to the top of their sport and be crowned champion. Unlike in previous generations, the â€Å"game† is no longer just a game, it’s a booming business. Major League Baseball alone boasts a three point seven billion dollar a year industry. We will write a custom essay sample on Sports Psychology or any similar topic only for you Order Now In this new generation of big business, how do athletes cope with the pressure of grossing fifteen million dollars a year and performing in front of twenty thousand screaming fans packed into Madison Square Garden or seventy-two thousand fanatical â€Å"Cheese Heads† at Lambeau Field? One of those answers is with sport psychology. But one answer leads us down a convoluted path with many other unanswered questions. This paper will define sport psychology and identify where it come from. It will also discuss the objectives of sport psychology and how are they applied. The final topic will describe sport psychologists do. According to the sport psychology program at San Diego State University, sport psychology can be defined as â€Å"the study of people and their behavior in sport and exercise contexts†, or â€Å"the effect of sport itself on human behavior†, or â€Å"a field of study in which the principles of psychology are applied in a sports setting. †(SDSU, web para. 1) How did we arrive at this definition? The history of sport psychology can be divided into five periods dating as early as 1895 to the present. The first period is from 1895-1920. Norman Triplett, a psychology professor at Indiana University, was the first researcher to confirm that bicyclists sometimes rode faster when they raced in groups or pairs than when they rode alone. Following Triplett’s work in 1899 is E. W. Scripture of Yale. Scripture believed that a certain set of personality traits could be fostered through participation in sports. In 1903, G. T. W Patrick wrote an article for the â€Å"American Journal of Psychology† that stated attending sporting events allowed fans to release pent-up emotions. We wrap up the early era with Coleman Griffith. Griffith began informal research of basketball and football players in 1918. His research led to the second period of sport psychology named in his honor, the Griffith era. The Griffith era of sport psychology begins in 1921 and runs into 1938. Coleman Griffith is considered the grandfather of North American Sport Psychology due to his contributions during this period. Between 1921 and 1931, Griffith published over twenty five research articles relating to sport psychology. Griffith was also appointed as the director of research in athletics at the University of Illinois in 1925. The focus of the department was psychomotor skills, learning, and personality. The largest accomplishments of Griffith come in 1926 and 1928 when he wrote Psychology of Coaching and Psychology of Athletics respectively. We close the Griffith era when Phillip Wrigley hires him as sport psychologist for the Chicago Cubs in 1938. The third and fourth periods of sport psychology are by far the slowest developing time for the new science. This portion begins in 1938 when Franklin Henry of the University of California, Berkeley established the psychology of physical activity graduate program. The forties and fifties were rather stagnant but we arrive in Rome, Italy for the first World Congress of Sport Psychology in 1965. Following the World Congress gathering is the first annual North American Society for the Psychology of Sport and Physical Activity (NASPSPA) conference in 1967. NASPSPA closed the door on the fourth period in 1974 when they published the proceedings of their conference for the first time. Our current period in sport psychology is considered the contemporary period. The first event of the contemporary period was the establishment of the â€Å"Journal of Sport Psychology†, which is now known as â€Å"Sport and Exercise Psychology†. One of the most monumental steps was during the 1984 Olympic Games when American television emphasized the role that sport psychology played in premier athletic training. The US Olympic Team hired its first full-time sport psychologist in 1985. The trend continued in 1986 as The Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology (AAASP) is established. The AAASP began to publish their official journal in 1989. Finally, the AAASP began to award the â€Å"certified consultant† designation in 1991. Now that we know what sport psychology is and where it began, we can attempt to determine the objectives of sport psychology. The first basic objective in sport psychology is to learn how psychological factors shape a person’s physical performance. The second objective is to comprehend how participation in athletics affects a person’s psychological health, development, and well-being. With those two objectives in mind, how do we actually apply them? First off, there are a number of reasons for sport psychology, and for every reason, there is a distinct group of people who are using sport psychology to their advantage. With that said, let’s move on to those reasons. The first reason for sport psychology is probably the most obvious, the pursuit of excellence by athletes. Simply put, sport psychology plays a vital role in how athletes train. Next is the enormous salaries paid in professional sports today. A 24 year old college graduate being drafted by a professional sports team is suddenly a very wealthy person overnight. Most people need assistance in transitioning to that kind of lifestyle. Our third reason is the undisputable fact that the recognition gained by athletic competition is huge. Most children cannot tell you that the current Vice President of the United Sates is Dick Cheney but could tell you who Alex Rodriguez or Ron James are, who they play for, and what position they play. The final reason for sports psychology is what is known as the fitness movement. The phenomena can be dated back to the fifties where fitness was beginning to be sold as a way of life. It is safe to say that fitness is a way of life. The television can confirm this as it is filled with ads that include sports drinks and home exercise equipment. What groups is sport psychology for? We can start with our children when we let them play tee ball and pee wee football and work all the way through senior citizens taking aerobics classes at the nearest community center. We can also include our novice intramural softball leagues on the weekends all the way to our elite professionals and Olympians competing on the world stage. Applying sport psychology techniques to most of the different groups in sports is very basic. The most popular group for sport psychologists are coaches, teachers, fitness trainers, and elite athletes. Coaches, teachers, and fitness trainers receive basic reinforcement and motivation training to help them get their teams to perform. Our elite athletes however have a full scope of services offered to them. Most professionally owned sports teams have a team of three to four sport psychologists assisting the organization. It can be considered a type of insurance policy on their investment. Let’s discuss how this â€Å"insurance policy† work for the pros. Sports psychologists handle many issues depending on the sub area of sport psychology in which they certified. The two basic areas are clinical sport psychology and educational sport psychology. The less traveled path of these is the clinical approach. These specialists are licensed psychologists and primarily deal with severe emotional disorders. Examples of these are athletes with eating disorders and substance abuse. The most common area of sport psychology is the educational side. Educational sport psychologists have been trained with a sport science background. This type of psychology is considered the mental coach approach. The goal of these psychologists is to assist coaches and athletes with shortcomings in their confidence level, dealing with performance anxiety, and improving concentration skills. Educational sport psychologists are typically employed by professional sports teams. These psychologists are not certified in clinical psychology and usually refer athletes with more sever disorders to a clinical psychologist. With sports and exercise such a big part of today’s society, there comes a need for a field dedicated to the psychological aspects of sports and exercise. Sport psychology has grown from an accidental study of cyclists to a science that can identify what athlete performs better and why. This paper has defined what sport psychology is and where it started. I have also covered the objectives of sport psychology and how they are applied. Finally, I covered what sport psychologists do. The next time you sit down to watch a professional sports contest you can ask yourself if this athlete is mentally prepared to perform today. WORKS SITED American Board of Sport Psychology. http://www. americanboardofsportpsychology. org/ Association for the Advancement of Applied Sport Psychology. http://www. aaasponline. org/ Martin, Scott. http://www. coe. unt. edu/martin/KINE5121/5121intr. htm University of North Texas. 2004 SDSU sport psychology http://www-rohan. sdsu. edu/~psyched/index. html Street and Smith. â€Å"For a handful of sport psychologists serving teams, a mind is a terrible thing to overlook†. Street and Smith’s Sports Business Journal. http://www. mwiop. com/perf_consult/articles/sport_a. html December 1999. How to cite Sports Psychology, Essay examples

Propaganda In China During The Cultural Revolution Took On Many Essays

Propaganda in China during the Cultural Revolution took on many forms; there were mass Red Guard demonstrations in Tianamen Square in support of Mao Zedong, pictures of Mao were put up in every conceivable location from restaurants to the wallpaper in nurseries, and pamphlets and books of Mao's teachings were distributed to every Chinese citizen. One of these propaganda publications Quotations from Chairman Mao which later became known as the Little Red Book contained quotes from Mao Zedong and was distributed to every Chinese citizen. The history of the Red Book provides one of the best ways in which to analyze Chinese propaganda during the Cultural Revolution and see the ways in which the Chinese government was able to produce and effectively indoctrinate the Chinese people with Mao Zedong Thought. Official Chinese magazines from the period of 1967 to 1970 are filled with many pictures of citizens holding, reading, and memorizing the Red Book. This proposal will trace the rise and fall of images of the Red Book in the official Chinese publication China Reconstructs. This proposal will use a graphical analysis of pictures in this publication from 1966 to 1973 to show that propaganda was not just a tool of the Communist party but also a reflection of internal power struggles within the party during the Cultural Revolution. The Red Book was written several years before it became the object of national adoration and a tool for the Cultivation of Mao's personality Cult. The history of the Red Book and its meteoric rise from a hand book for military recruits to compulsory reading for all Chinese citizens, is closely tied to its developer Lin Biao's rise to power. Lin Biao was born in 1907 and was fourteen years younger then Mao; he joined the communist party in 1925 and until the communists captured control of China was at various times in charge of resistance forces, and armies of communist soldiers. When the communists took control in 1949 Lin Biao was behind Mao Zedong, Liu Shaoqi, Zhou Enlai, Chen Yun, and Deng Xiaoping in rank (Yan and Gao, 1996: 179). But eighteen years later during the height of the Cultural Revolution Lin Biao by winning favor with Mao by publishing and championing the Red Book and the Cult of Mao became second only to the Chairman in power and position (Ming-Le, 1983: 80). In 1959 Peng Dehua was dismissed as minister of defense and Lin Biao was appointed in his place. At an armed forces meeting for high cadres during September of that year Lin Biao, energetically started promoting the Cult of Mao saying, "Learning the writings of comrade Mao Zedong is the shortcut to learning Marxism-Leninism. Chairman Mao's writings are easy to learn and can be put to use immediately. Diligent work will pay dividends many fold." (Yan and Gao, 1996: 182) His references to "shortcut" and "quick dividends" in his speech went unnoticed at the time as few foresaw the effects of creating a Cult around Mao. But looking back on the Cultural Revolution and Lin Biao, we can see his using the Cult of Mao was indeed a shortcut that produced huge dividends both for himself and for Mao. Mao to the Chinese people was a symbol sovereignty and the construction of socialism; to them praise for Mao was fitting with his symbolic role in society. Starting in 1959 Lin Biao in front of military audiences in order to help buildup support for the Cult of Mao used such phrases as, "the dire necessity of acquiring Mao Zedong's thought," "to study the writings of Mao Zedong with questions in mind is to shoot arrows with target in sight," "we must arm our minds with Mao Zedong's thought" (Yan an Gao, 1996: 181). Lin Biao's goal of building up both himself and the Cult of Mao lead him in September of 1960 to pass a resolution at the meeting of the Military Commission, which called for more political education among the armed forces (Yan and Gao, 1996: 181) "Mao Zedong Thought is the compass for the Chinese people's revolution and socialist construction, the powerful ideological weapon against imperialism, and the powerful ideological weapon against revisionism and dogmatism..... raise high the red banner of Mao Zedong Thought, go further and mobilize the minds of all officers and soldiers with Mao Zedong Thought, and resolve to make sure that Mao Zedong Thought, and resolve to make sure that Mao Zedong Thought is in command in all phases of work... Really learn by heart the Mao Zedong Thought! Read Chairman Mao's books,